Women and the Media - 3250 Words

The Perfect Female Body: Long before beauty pageants, Barbie dolls, and extra-ordinarily beautiful girls, came about the idea of the female body. Whether you are a believer of creationalism, scientology, or evolutionism, somehow we all came about with the perception of the â€Å"perfect† female. Women have always been seen, and portrayed as a sex symbol, and usually the disobedient one. Dating back to B.C and the story of Adam and Eve, Eve was the naked one who bit into the fruit that god told her was forbidden. Why couldn’t it have been Adam that caused such scandal, and was the cause for destruction, and crime in the world, and not Eve? From the believed beginning of time, to present day, women have really only progressed a small†¦show more content†¦Everyday of their lives, people are bombarded with advertisements pushing to sell them something, or broadcasting a new and upcoming television program. The average American sees as many as 300-500 advertisements per day. Some se e as many as 1,200 a day. (Jean Kilbourne, Ed. D.) General media is tied with public relations, and has become a source of entertainment to the public eye. Women are usually seen as eye-candy, to attract the male heterosexual audience. Men and woman are usually portrayed in different ways, on national television, and Hollywood films. Men usually play the tough guy, macho man roles, while the women are predominately represented as white, young, glamorous, heterosexual, and less influential then men. (Campbell and Carilli, 2005) Attractive women are usually displayed in both male and female advertisements, and play a double role. Women will think that if they purchase this product, they will resemble the model advertising the product, and the men are tricked to think that if they purchase the product, that they will attract women like the ones advertising the product. This is the â€Å"sex sells† propaganda tactic. Models in the advertisements aren’t supposed to l ook like the â€Å"average,† ordinary people. To sell products, advertisers use computer generation tools, to erase any â€Å"flaws,† to appeal to a consumer. The goals of print media are usually reached, and out to target the younger audience. According to a survey conducted onShow MoreRelatedThe Women Of The Media1462 Words   |  6 PagesBeautiful, flawless, and slim, those are the women of the media. Times have indeed changed but has the portrayal of women taken a turn? Perhaps yes, in the sense that women are now showed to do more than just cleaning, and cooking, but yet in 2014 or 1950 the women of the media were still captured for beauty and slimness. By no intention is this meaning that women are ugly, because women are beautiful but why doesn’t the media show the inner beauty of a women not being covered in expensive jewelry andRead MoreWomen in Media2092 Words   |  9 Pages‘The Objectification and Dismemberment of Women in the Media-A study on women portrayal in media’ Author: Jyoti jain, Lecturer, Amity Business School, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur (Raj.) Abstract Women’s bodies continue to be dismembered in advertising. Over and over again just one part of the body is used to sell products, which is, of course, the most dehumanizing thing you can do to someone. Not only is she a thing, but just one part of that thing is focused on.†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jean Kilbourne Read MoreRepresentation of Women in the Media618 Words   |  3 Pagesof women in the media Miley Cyrus made media headline around the world, during and after her performance on one of America’s biggest award shows, MTV video music awards (VMAs). Miley Cyrus was accompanied by Robin Thicke a popular Rb musician, who also performed a song, however it seemed Miley Cyrus received the most backlash for her behavior and performance at the awards. Instantaneously a still shot from the performance went viral and immediately created a bad representation of women inRead MoreAre Women Portrayed in the Media?1366 Words   |  6 Pages#20 Professor: Guarracino English 1101-135 10 April 2012 Are Women portrayed in the media? The highlight on the latter raises a larger question about the radicalized sexual images of women today. It is most likely the society that is bombarded by the media’s usage of advertisements, television, billboards, magazines and internet. We are surrounded by the images that most people don’t have. Reality shows and entertainment are emulated and are the common choices for teens today. They mayRead MoreBlack Women And The Media1107 Words   |  5 Pagesmay be considered as compliments for black women even though they are not. However, people only know what the media portrays black women to be. It emphasizes them as ghetto, loud, angry, and ignorant. Black women are more than the negative stigma that the media portrays. In our society, the media reinforces the plague of African American women by stereotypes and falsities originating from slavery. For young African American women, the majority of media portrayal, especially in music and film, isRead MoreMedia Objectifi cation of Women1389 Words   |  6 PagesMedia Objectification of Women â€Å"Dreamworlds 3† To be sociologically mindful is to look for patterns in the society, observe all sides of the social life, ask questions, and seek answers. Being sociologically mindful can lead us to looking into matters that are complex and allow us the opportunity to understand the mechanism behind the division of our society. Race and gender seems to be the most obvious divide lines for this society. While race can sometimes be overlooked in society, discriminationRead MorePerception of Women in the Media1006 Words   |  5 Pageslooked. In this paper we shall examine how language in media has influenced the perception of women in different aspects of their life. It has influenced young women writers and intellects both positively and negative, but both have led to their development either directly or indirectly. Areas to be covered include the political, social dimensions. The discussion will feature how language as an art and artifact is related to perception of women in media. Its impact on personal development as writers andRead MoreThe Media Image Of Women844 Words   |  4 Pages The way the media depicts women also categorizes which sports are female friendly and which are not. The more the media portrays women as delicate and skinny the more people will associate them with certain sports. Likewise for men, the more physical contact and tough a sport is then it is more associated with men. The way these sports are covered in the media, the language used when reporting it and the visual aspects of how it is displayed subconsciously causes people to assign genders to theRead MoreIndependent Women in the Media1432 Words   |  6 PagesIndependent women in the media Movies Fatal Attraction (1987) and Devil Wears Prada (2006) are two classical movies that talks about the story of independent women who is in the working force. Even though these movies are released almost 20 years apart, they share a lot of similarities with how independent women are being portrayed in the media. Fatal Attraction was released in the 1980s when the third wave feminism movement began. It became an instant classic in the 80s and was nominatedRead MoreThe Media And Its Effect On Women1472 Words   |  6 Pagesinvolve women sexualised and exposing a lot of flesh. It is all-dependent on the cosmetic product and the image the company wishes to project. A handsome man will be used to portray the newest skin product, as a male will be aiming to live up to this standard of beauty. It is not only women aiming to be beautiful but I would mention that the majority of facial products are aimed towards women merely because there is such a vast quantity available. ‘The representation of women in the

Customer Identification And Their Needs - 1434 Words

As relationship professionals of our industry we have a responsibility to ensure that we take the necessary steps in taking care of each client and their needs. Since we have established our client groups needs we now have a chance to interact with them and provide them a level of service and solutions that meets their established needs. Our clients depend on us to ensure that they can trust us in our decision making and if we show them consistent effort and positive intention then we can achieve their long-term business. In this exam, we will provide overview of the strategy in a question and answer format. (The Root) Our department accepts the challenge of developing a plan to grow new relationships and to steward existing relationships. Leadership has started a new plan to be a premier relationship based company focused on the sustained long term relationships that will continue to benefit not only the customer but our goods business as well. Customer identification and differenti ation has been completed for us thanks to the operations team getting that data to us in the last briefing. Our task team at hand is to discern and label the interactions and customizations that are needed to follow through on our new model of IDIC. Our dialogue with the customer is going to help us determine who is talking about the brand, what they are saying and where is it being talked about dialogue with the customer is going to help us determine who is talking about the brand, what they areShow MoreRelatedThe 2201 Principles Of Marketing Essay902 Words   |  4 PagesThis discourse is about the steps companies need to take to engage in the one to one marketing of the Five â€Å"I†s. the five â€Å"I† s is composed of: 1. Identification 2. Interaction 3. Individualization’ 4. Integration and 5. Integrity Details About the Five â€Å"I†s of One- to- One Marketing Identification As a firm you cannot win customer loyalty unless you know your customers. Once you know your customers then you can deliver value to them. Identification is one major step that can enhance the company’sRead MoreIdentification And Identification854 Words   |  4 PagesIdentification has two elements – most people know and focus on the first; most companies are notoriously poor at the second. The first Identification element is, not surprisingly, to understand the characteristics of potential and current customers, as well as their influencers. This means delving into what needs they have, what motivates those needs, how they want those needs solved, and who else influences those needs and potential solutions. 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The tag is activated by radio waves emitted from a reader. Once activated, the tag sends data stored in its memory relating to the item back to the reader. This data can thenRead MoreToyota Process Identification and Improvement1239 Words   |  5 PagesIdentifying Process improve Toyota Process Improvement Abstract This paper will address the identification of processed used by Toyota Corporation during the accelerator crisis. It will identify the process used and the core problems with the process. In part A of the paper the paper addresses the issues that began with sticky gas pedals, floor mats, and pedal entrapment and braking issues on some models of Toyotas vehicles. The quality of the vehicle was the issue. In part B of the paperRead MoreDecision Making Process From A Manager s Point Of View1730 Words   |  7 Pagesuse many tools, techniques and perceptions. Let s have a look at the decision making process in detail. 1. Identification of a problem 2. Identification of decision criteria 3. Allocation of weight to criteria 4. Development of alternatives 5. Analysis of alternatives 6. Selection of alternatives 7. Implementation of alternatives 8. Evaluation of decision effectiveness Step 1: Identification of a problem Problem: a discrepancy between an existing and a desired state of affairs. Decision makers mustRead MoreThe Organizational Structure And Performance1674 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough the organizational structure to performance of the firm through satisfaction of employees. The interests are connected to evaluation of problems of firms through the staffs and finally the performance results. In this study, it helps in identification of current problems that firms are facing in reflection of the structural organization. Involvement of the staffs in various aspects, introduces the motivational approach structure through which problems are solved. The influence of organization

Similarities and Differences of Raison D’etat and Realpolitik free essay sample

The essence of raison d’etat was â€Å"that the interest of stability the legitimate crowned heads of the states of Europe had to be preserved†¦ and that, above all, relations among states had to be determined by consensus among like minded rulers. † (Kissinger, 104) With the rising power of monarchies, and the loss of the church sanction, raison d’etat overtook past medieval ways. This balance of power in Europe proved more effective in maintaining peace and order, which, at this time, held merit. The French Napoleon III, and the German Otto von Bismarck began realpolitik, which replaced Richelieu’s policy. These men ignored the ideas of raison d’etat, and felt the relations among states should be based on power and ability. Once France and Germany (under Napoleon III, and Bismarck’s rule) began to make power moves exclusively beneficial to themselves, often times at the expense of the other states, raison d’etat was more or less abandoned as a policy. Raison d’etat introduced a lot of the ideas that realpolitik maintained. These two policies were not entirely opposite. Raison d’etat introduced the concepts of separating church and state, and that the powers of Europe must stay balanced to maintain order. Under this philosophy, each state could focus on themselves, while maintaining an equilibrium with the other states. Raison d’etat replaced the medieval law of universal moral values. The concept of raison d’etat â€Å"was simply an extension of conventional wisdom. Its primary goal was to prevent domination by one state and to preserve the international order; it was not designed to prevent conflicts, but to limit them. † (Kissinger, 67). This fact of raison d’etat may have opened the door for realpolitik, as it was considerably facilitated by rising nationalism, and unrest among the states. This policy kept Europe at peace for a notable amount of time, but eventually the states wanted to expand and further their influence and control. Realpolitik was the notion that international and internal relations among the European states were based on power; the strongest state would prevail. Once realpolitik replaced raison d’etat, the days of principle were gone (Kissinger, 106). â€Å"No longer was there talk of unity of crowned heads or of harmony among the ancient states of Europe. Under†¦realpolitik, foreign politics became a contest of strength. † (Kissinger, 121). This philosophy maintained that the state’s interest was solely furthering and strengthening itself. The interests of other states were mostly irrelevant, unless it directly affected one’s own international or domestic position. These two philosophies shared numerous similarities. Both of them operated with the state as the moral standards. These policies maintained that doing what is best for the state surmounts religious and legitimist standpoints. Another similarity was that a policy of national self-interest guided both raison d’etat and realpolitik. Both of these policies prompted European leaders to disregard legitimists, especially when their beliefs would hinder freedom of action of the state (Kissinger, 123). Both principles concentrated their efforts on geographic and political gains, both national and international (Cassels, 70). Finally, both of these philosophies were met with the same disbelief; those who supported legitimacy considered both intolerable, because they undermined the importance of balance of power, and unification of Europe. These policies held the state above the church, and individual interests above Europe’s as a whole. Raison d’etat and realpolitik also had several dissimilarities. â€Å"Raison d’etat constitutes the end purpose of a foreign policy, [whereas] realpolitik implies no more than a methodology to achieve any sort of goal. † (Cassels, 70) Raison d’etat was more of a policy of defensive politics, where the balance of power, and a generally non-hostile atmosphere were most important. Conversely, realpolitik was offensive; always looking to expand and better the state, whether or not that meant domination of other states’ and their holdings. Realpolitik held little to no regard for fairness towards other states, or what would be in others’ best interests. This policy was one of brute strength; the most powerful and effective state would gain control. Bismarck, the previously regarded realpolitik originator, incited war between his own state of Prussia and Napoleon’s France. He did this by â€Å"editing† a Prussian telegram to France, making it look like a â€Å"royal snub†. The insulted French demanded war, and Prussia won a swift and unquestionable victory. This realpolitik oriented manipulation made it much simpler for Bismarck to unify Germany, his ultimate goal (Kissinger, 118). Realpolitik meant to destroy the world of raison d’etat, and replace it with a bigger, more aggressive system of international and internal relations. Raison d’etat put a lot of importance on domestic relations in Europe, while realpolitik did not. Once realpolitik surmounted raison d’etat, eventually â€Å"nationalism unleavened by democracy turned increasingly chauvinistic, while democracy without responsibility grew sterile. (Kissinger, 135). Politics in Europe came to be based on raw power due to realpolitik. Raison d’etat could be thought of as a softer, more inclusive policy, while realpolitik was more separatist, and even more self-interested. Raison d’etat operated more defensively, only preventing conflicts, whereas realpolitik would incite them if that meant getting ahead. Both held the state’s interests ab ove the church, and the rest of Europe. These philosophies believed the state should gain as much as possible, politically and geographically. They were also both met with resistance, but they held one cause to a high degree, which no statesman could deny, and that was patriotism. They both held that rather than being judged by God, the state needed to be judged by what worked (Kissinger, 126) which is still the system in place today. Works Cited Kissinger, Henry. Diplomacy. New York: Simon amp; Schuster, 1994. Print. Cassels, Alan. Ideology and International Relations in the Modern World. London: Routledge, 1996. Print.

Insider Essays (1022 words) - Brown Williamson, Films, The Insider

Insider The Insider A dramatization of 1995 events in which the tobacco industry allegedly covered up proof that nicotine is addictive and harmful. When Brown and Williamson executive Jeffrey Wigand (Crowe) tries to expose the industry's cover-up, he is threatened into silence. He eventually gets his story to 60 Minutes producer Lowell Bergman (AL Pacino), but CBS decides against airing it due to political and economic pressures, and the threat of lawsuit from Brown and Williamson. Before we start, I think it's important that you know a little thing about me, and where I'm coming from. I do smoke. But I believe that most of the lawsuits filed against the tobacco industry are unfounded, desperate attempts for people to put the blame on anyone but themselves. I think social security is a safety net for the financially irresponsible. I thought The Insider was a great movie from a strictly entertainment perspective (don't get ahead of me on this one!), and I enjoyed it very much. Russell Crowe is Jeffrey Wigand, a Brown and Williamson VP of Research and Development whose conscience compels him to blow the whistle on the industry. He claims that Big Tobacco has been covering up scientific research that proves nicotine is addictive and harmful. The writing puts a lot of energy into making sure that Wigand is a sufficiently complicated character, and one that we sympathize with. To be sure, he's not entirely one-dimensional. Initially, he does what most of us would do in his position: he takes the money and benefits that the company offers him in return for silence. After all, the guy has a family to look out for. But then Wigand is tortured over his passiveness, wondering if he should take a more aggressive stance with his potentially damaging knowledge. 60 Minutes producer Lowell Bergman, sensing a big story in the works, tries to coax Wigand into talking. An energetic Al Pacino, who fights to get the story on the air, only to have it snuffed by CBS, plays Bergman here. Allegedly, the television network was possibly up for sale around the time of this story, and airing it might have damaged their image with controversy, making it less appealing to potential suitors. This, coupled with the threat of lawsuit from Brown and Williamson, made CBS refuse to air the story. The Insider portrays these events as a crusade on the part of Bergman and Wigand to get the truth out there, against the will of Big Business and Bigger Tobacco. And while Bergman is never portrayed as much more than a journalist with an uncharacteristic amount of integrity, Wigand is a great character to follow as he tries to balance out everything around him. Tortured and sleepless, his reactions are what you would expect from someone forced to choose between the safety of his family with the gravity of what he knows. Most of it makes for edge of your suit viewing. Suspense abounds, and AL Pacino's confrontations with the evil corporate executives, censors, and whatnot are the centerpiece of the movie. He gets to climb up on the soapbox and belt out a few speeches about truth and justice and freedom and right and wrong and all that other fun stuff. It's tense, and it's really quite fascinating, actually. From a dramatic standpoint, this movie couldn't have asked for better performances. Gina Gershon makes an appearance in the movie as a tough, icy corporate attorney for CBS. As a standard caricature of faceless law more interested in money than people, she's fabulous. The Insider runs at over two and half hours, but always remains interesting and never drags. The biggest issue I have with this movie is how it so comfortably passes itself off as an unbiased, historical representation of what happened between real life executive Jeffrey Wigand, real life producer Lowell Bergman, and real life corporation Brown and Williamson. The problem is that the movie is so well crafted and so interesting that it's very easy to accept it as 100% Grade A Truth. However, this is clearly Wigand's story, and closer inspection would reveal that the main characters here are just a little too perfect to be real. Did Bergman really storm into the offices of CBS and rant

Smith Consulting Software Essay Example

Smith Consulting Software Essay Example Smith Consulting Software Essay Smith Consulting Software Essay System Analysis of Smith Consulting System Documentation BSA/385 Contents Abstract3 System Analysis of Smith Consulting System Documentation4 Introduction4 Customer Engagement Approach4 Software Development Processes and Procedures4 Quality Assurance Processes and Procedures6 Testing Procedures7 Developer Testing8 Reliability9 Accuracy9 Developer Performance Testing10 Developer Fault Testing10 User Acceptance Reliability11 User Acceptance Accuracy11 User Acceptance Fault Tolerance11 Test System Infrastructure15 Hardware/Software Capabilities15 Formal Program Specifications Format15 Conclusion16 Attachments18 Abstract The LTA (Learning Team A) group has been asked to define, develop, and propose standards for a software testing environment at Smith Consulting. The LTA group will review several aspects of the system documentation currently being used by Smith Consulting and provide proposed solutions for each of the areas defined in this document. System Analysis of Smith Consulting System Documentation Introduction Smith Consulting (Smith) has tasked LTA (Learning Team A) with developing standardized project approach and testing procedures so that prospective clients are confident that Smith is performing their contractual obligations efficiently. These procedures will be generalized so that they can be applied to any project that Smith takes on and have sufficient documentation so that the procedures are correctly applied to each project. This ensures that Smith has repeatable processes in place and can put more resources towards completing the project rather than developing the procedures to complete the project. Customer Engagement Approach Smith is dedicated to the long-term success of the project. Smith does not approach the projects as a system to be designed and left with the client to manage. Smith offers flexible management terms from support to full-time maintenance of any application Smith designs, ensuring that our dedication to service extends through the life of the product. Smith also strives to help every end-user, helping them to fully understand and embrace the new technology. Smith understands the challenges end-users face when moving to new technology, and we want every employee to be comfortable using the system. Software Development Processes and Procedures Smith realizes that there may not be one clear-cut solution for all software development projects and seeks to use a process that takes into account as many variables as possible when developing new software. This means that Smith will first need to determine the needs for the company. The first step in this process is to identify the stakeholders and develop a project timeline and budget. These factors will help drive the project toward the estimated completion date. The stakeholders will include members of Smith so that the project is kept manageable and realistic as far as time of completion and resources needed. The next step is creating an analysis team to work with the various stakeholders to understand what the company needs the new system to do. As the analysis is completed a more formalized design will be presented to the same stakeholders in the form of a data flow diagram to ensure that all the needs are being met. At this time the stakeholders will have the ability to present changes as part of the change ontrol process described as part of the Smith quality assurance processes. Smith will also implement additional design methods as required by the specific needs of a project. These methods include the use of new models, tools, and techniques in order to fully understand the system requirements. It may be necessary to bring in third-party vendors to provide and use the tools that these methods require. These vendors will be subject to a procurement process as indicated in the contract for the project and are subject to a determination of need by the stakeholders. The next step is for a finalized data flow diagram to be presented to a design team who will then analyze and determine the best approach for implementing the design. This will include determination of a tool, and the solicitation of vendors to provide the tool as needed. The stakeholders will again be consulted before any final determinations are made. Once a tool or vendor is determined the design team will work on implementing the design. The design will be implemented as part of the project plan timeline and Smith will provide developer testing in addition to end-user acceptance testing. This ensures that the final product matches the goals of the system as laid out in the project plan. Once acceptance testing is completed the system will be implemented and the system will enter its training phase as indicated in the project plan. After full implementation, the system will enter the maintenance phase. Depending on the term of the contract, Smith will be involved in the maintenance phase of the system through its live cycle. All contracts include phone support for as-designed elements of the system. Quality Assurance Processes and Procedures Smith is dedicated to providing quality of the highest level in all its services to its clients. This quality is ensured through the use of tools put in place at the beginning of the project. The most important tool in use is the project manager. All of Smith’s project managers are qualified, experienced managers who take a hands-on approach to ensuring that a project stays on the timeline and within the budget. This includes weekly updates to shareholders as well as daily stand up meetings to ensure that everyone is on track and there are no concerns to delay the project. Any concerns are immediately made known and the manager will do his or her best to provide more resources to address the problem with minimal effects to the project plan. To ensure that the project is kept within scope, a strict change control process will be used to determine what parts of the project will be able to be changed and when. This can be different for every project; Smith approaches each project plan in a similar fashion, including setting priority, and secondary goals. The stakeholders have the ability to define these goals during the analysis phase as well as a say in the change control process. Primary goals are strictly followed and changes are made to these goals only when the outcome of the project is in jeopardy. Secondary goals are more flexible and their change control process is not as severe; however the process is strictly adhered to. This adherence to the change control process ensures that the project is a success and not dependent on the success or failure of individual parts. Testing Procedures For each level of testing that takes place, Smith will develop charts detailing the testing step to be performed, an example of the chart is shown in example 1. This chart includes sections to identify what is being tested (Actor), what is being done (Action) and a description of the testing task. In addition, a secondary chart will be provided that details each step to be performed to complete the test case in question. Actor| Action| Description| Customer/Employee/Etc. | Click Button 1| Button 1 starts the applications and takes the user to the login, etc. | Customer/Employee/Etc. | Click Button 2| Button 2 logs the current user into the system| Continue†¦| | | Step| Step Expected Result| 1. Launch Application/Etc. Application window should open and prompt user for credentials, etc. | 2. Login/Etc. | User should be logged into application and appropriate menu items should be shown based on user’s security level, etc. | Continue†¦| | Figure 1 – Sample Software Capability Testing Diagrams An additional process flow that will be followed by Smith engineers is to chart the process flow for all testing for easy review by clients and engineering staff. The format of the process flow is shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 – Sample Testing Data Flow Diagram Developer Testing Smith requires its developers to perform testing on each piece of a project that they are responsible for working on. Each of these tests ensures that the software is ready for the next step in the process, whether that is integration with other pieces or implementation. The developers are required to ensure that the testing covers reliability, accuracy, fault tolerance and performance as required by the architecture design documentation for the project. Reliability Reliability testing is important to ensure that the system is capable of handling input and output in all situations it is likely to encounter during use. This includes programming for proper error handling should a user input unexpected data, as well as for handling exceptions on the data output. Developers use the architecture document to control the input and output and use exception handling to notify the user that something has gone wrong without passing the bad data along to the next process. In order to test reliability developers will purposefully input bad data and the system is required to handle it correctly. The developers are required to check not only that the errors are thrown properly, but that they are informative and the bad data are not output. Accuracy Accuracy testing is important because the input must be received, stored, transformed and output correctly. Any failure in any of these steps will affect the accuracy of the system. Developers must develop algorithms to transform the data properly so that the output is as expected. Since system algorithms can be achieved in multiple ways that achieve the same results, it is important that the accuracy is tested as often as possible. Developers are required to develop and input use cases to ensure the data are being output as required. If the output is not what is expected the developers can roubleshoot and track down the problem and run the use cases again. The system architecture document will detail the results needs, but developers often must use creativity to develop a solution to match the requirements. Accuracy testing at the developer stage is a key step for accuracy in the implemented system. Developer Performance Testing Performance testing must be performed during the development phase to ensure that the system does not have any resource or application issues prior to deliver to the customer and conforms to the stated needs of the customer. At Smith performance testing is performed during unit testing and during integration testing. With unit performance testing the developer is able to identify issues easier than during integration testing. During the integration testing phase any module interaction that was not able to be identified during unit testing will be tested. Performance testing includes the development of test cases that test each module within the client application, if resources are required such as network connectivity or file I/O then these systems will also be tested. The expected results of performance testing will be defined during the system analysis phase and will be approved by the client as acceptable criteria. Developer Fault Testing Developer fault testing is a technique used by Smith to inject errors into the software/hardware project to test the capability of the system to handle the errors in expected ways. This method of testing aids developers in the identification of the inability of the application to respond to system conditions that are expected during the normal use of the product. By using fault testing the developers can include processes that respond to these error conditions in a meaningful way. User Acceptance Reliability Like developer reliability testing, user acceptance testing for reliability is important to ensure that the system will reliably handle inputs and outputs. In UAT, test cases will be provided to selected users from the customer’s side. These test cases will allow users to test inputting information into the system so the software can demonstrate that it is capable of handling various types of input by executing on it properly. The UAT will allow the customer to provide feedback to Smith on the test cases and anything that did not perform as expected so that Smith can make any modifications to the system. In the event that Smith has to make any changes, UAT will begin again after the system has been adjusted. User Acceptance Accuracy User acceptance testing for accuracy will provide users with tests to ensure that the system is capable of handling inputs, loading, processing, storage, and outputs accurately. These tests should be consistent with the original testing that took place in the development of the algorithms to ensure that the expected results are produced by the system to the degree of accuracy that is required by the application. All calculations that the system needs to be able to perform should be tested in the UAT to demonstrate to the customer that the system is capable of handling the calculations correctly. This is the chance for the customer to fully test the system and provide any feedback to Smith. The user tests will be developed to demonstrate the full capabilities of the system. User Acceptance Fault Tolerance Once the software has been designed and implemented, the end-user’s who will utilize the software will be able to test the software’s performance (User Acceptance Testing, 2010). Allowing the end-user’s to test the software will allow IT personnel to make any changes and fix bugs that may cause future errors. All though much software may not be productive due to errors, Smith depends on test results and test reports to ensure errors are fixed and errors in the system are debugged. Below are a few tools that are used for user acceptance testing and fault tolerance: * Test Results and Error Reports User Acceptance Sign-off (Figure 3) * Production Systems * Final Installation Procedures and Instructions * Final Documentation and Training Materials * Project Plan * Methodology Compliance Form (User Acceptance Testing, 2010) (Figure 4). Smith will use these tools to ensure the User-Interface is accurate and ready for deployment. Figures 3 and 4 are sample templates fo r some of the tools used. Figure 3 – User Acceptance Sign-Off Sheet Figure 4 Methodology Compliance Form Test System Infrastructure Hardware/Software Capabilities Smith uses QuickTest Professional 10. (QuickTest) software to perform testing on all of its software projects. The software is an automated testing environment that uses testing scripts to regression test all parts of a new software product. These testing scripts are created by a developer and ensure that as new items are added, the previously tested items maintain their same functionality. Since the testing scripts are setup in a GUI environment that uses capture technology to generate them directly from the software environment that is being tested, the time required to create them is minimal and the expected results are easy to predict (HP, 2007). This ease of use helps control the testing timeline so that the projects stay on track. In addition, QuickTest provides customizable reports about errors that can include screenshots and other information to make it easier for developer to recreate the errors so they can be resolved (HP, 2007). Smith maintains separate testing hardware to handle its testing needs. This environment utilizes quad-core Intel processors running Windows Vista and equipped with maximum memory capabilities so that the testing can run as quickly as possible. The separate environment ensures that the testing can run simultaneous to the development whenever possible so that the timeline set up for any project can be strictly adhered to. Formal Program Specifications Format The format of the specifications that will be used by the software engineers at Smith will is detailed in the attachment named: System Requirements Specification. This specification includes a complete description of the requirements of the system to be built. Detailed instructions are included to aid developers in the definition of the requirements and what will be one to satisfy that requirement. Conclusion Smith Consulting takes pride in providing professional development of systems for our clients. Having the processes and requirements in place as outlined in this document such as our quality assurance processes and our developer and user acceptance testing ensures that the systems that Smith Consulting builds remain in scope with the project plan and within budget. Our processes also help to ensure that the client and key stakeholders are engaged throughout the development lifecycle. References Everett, G. D. amp; McLeod, Jr. , R. (2007). Software Testing. Retrieved February 27, 2010, from University of Phoenix eCampus, Entire eBook. BSA385 – Introduction to Software Engineering. Frenzel, C. W. , amp; Frenel, J. C. (2004). Management of Information Technology, 4E. Retrieved February 14, 2010, from University of Phoenix eCampus, Entire eBook. BSA385 – Introduction to Software Engineering. Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L. P. (2007). HP QuickTest Professional software Data sheet. Retrieved March 5, 2010, from https://h10078. www1. p. com/cda/hpdc/navigation. do? action=downloadPDFamp;caid=3885amp;cp=54_4000_100amp;zn=btoamp;filename=4AA1-2116ENW. pdf Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L. P. (2010). HP QuickTest Professional software System Requirements. Retrieved March 5, 2010 from https://h10078. www1. hp. com/cda/hpms/display/main/hpms_content. jsp? zn=btoamp;cp=1-11-127-24^9674_4000_100__ Attachments Purpose: The System Requirements Specification (SRS ) is a complete description of the requirements of the system to be built. It is derived from Customer Requirements. It covers all the business functions, inputs, outputs, and system interfaces of the proposed project, and answers these questions: * What is the system or software supposed to do (from the customer’s point of view)? * What users, system hardware, other hardware, and other software does the system interact with? * What are the performance requirements, such as speed, recovery, and capacity? * What are any constraints on design? Scope: The System Requirements Specification must be completed for any systems development project. Instructions: Identify instructions for using the template. 1. Prior to releasing remove this template cover page. This is part of the template not part of the finished document. 2. Angle brackets (lt; gt;) indicate information to be input for specific project. Remove angle brackets (lt; gt;) when information is entered. 3. Template sections which do not apply to the system can be labeled as â€Å"Do not Apply† or removed from the document as long as the base requirement of information listed above has been recorded. 4. Template instructions are italicized and should be removed from the document. 5. Open the header/footer and update the appropriate information to the header. No information needs to be updated in the footer – this will occur automatically each time the file is closed. * lt;Project Namegt; System Requirements Specification Rev lt;1. 0, 1. x, 2. 0,gt; Revision # of document. Use 0. 1 thru 0. 9 for pre-approval drafts. Use 1. 0 thru 9. 9 for approved copies. lt;Dategt; Date of revision Prepared by: lt;Authorgt; * Approvers lt;Include a place for, and acquire approval by all critical project stakeholders, as required by the Software Development Guidelines. More approvals may be included as deemed appropriate. gt; The following â€Å"Approvers† are responsible for reviewing this System Requirements Specification and agree with the project’s requirements. The approvers understand and will support the responsibilities described herein for their organization. Note: Approver signatures are captured electronically in the Electronic Qualification Document Management System (EQDMS). lt;Namegt;| | Project Lead| | lt;Namegt;| | | | lt;Namegt;| | lt;other reviewergt;| | lt;Namegt;| | lt;Key Stakeholder #1gt;lt;lt;Titlegt;gt;| | lt;Namegt;| | lt;Key Stakeholder #2gt;lt;lt;Titlegt;gt;| | | | | Document History Date Revised| Version No. | Author| Reason for changes| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Introduction7 Purpose7 Scope7 Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations7 References7 Overview7 Overall Description7 System Perspective7 System Requirements7 System Interfaces8 User Interfaces8 Hardware Interfaces8 Software Interfaces8 Communications Interfaces8 Memory Constraints8 Operations8 Site Adaptation Requirements8 System Functions9 User Characteristics9 Constraints9 Assumptions and Dependencies9 Apportioning of Requirements9 Functional Requirements9 Performance Requirements9 Logical Database Requirements10 Design Constraints10 Standard Compliance10 Software System Attributes10 Supporting Information10 Introduction Purpose The SRS identifies all of the system requirements. The system requirements are derived from customer requirements as well as perceived customer needs and specific local and regulatory requirements. The SRS identifies all the system requirements sufficient for the developers to develop a system which meets customer expectations. In addition, the SRS provides sufficient detail for complete system validation. The audience is the entire project team and customer/sponsor representatives. Scope lt;Identify the software product(s) to be produced by name, explain what the software product will and will not do, include relevant benefits, objectives, and goals of the softwaregt; Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations lt;Define all terms, acronyms, and abbreviationsgt; References lt;Provide a complete list of all documents referenced elsewhere in this document, identify each document by title, date, and publishing organization, specify the sources from which the reference to an appendix or another documentgt; Overview lt;Describe what the SRS contains and explain how the SRS is organizedgt; Overall Description System Perspective lt;Describe whether the system is totally self-contained or has interactions with other systems within or outside of its environment, a block diagram can be added here to show interconnections with other systems and requirements related to overall systemsgt; System Requ irements lt;The purpose of this section is to describe all of the software requirements to a level of detail sufficient to enable designers to design a system to satisfy those requirements and QA testers to test that the system satisfies those requirements. As a minimum, every requirement should include a description of every input/stimulus into the system and every output/response from the system, and all functions performed by the system in response to an input or in support of an output. gt; lt;The following sub-sections 3. 1 – 3. 15 identify different requirements categories. It is unlikely that every project will have requirements in each category. It is not necessary to identify requirements in each category, they are provided only as guidance to insure that each type of requirement is considered. All requirements should be listed in section 3 and each requirement should be uniquely numbered. gt; System Interfaces lt;List each system interface and identify the functionality of the software to accomplish the system requirement and the interface description to match the systemgt; * User Interfaces lt;Specify the logical interface between the software product and its users, including configuration characteristics such as required screen formats, page or window layouts, content of reports or menus, or availability of programmable function keys necessary to accomplish the software requirements. Specify the aspects of optimizing the interface with the person(s) who must use the system, an example would be constructing a list of do’s and don’ts on how the system will appear to the usergt;. * Hardware Interfaces lt;Specify the logical characteristics of each interface between the software product and the hardware components of the system. This includes configuration characteristics, supported devices/how they will be supported (full-screen vs. line-by-line support for a terminal for example), and protocolsgt;. * Software Interfaces lt;Describe the use of other required software products and interfaces with other application systems. Describe the purpose of the interfacing software, and the definition of interface in terms of message content and format. Reference the documents(s) defining the interface(s). Include name, mnemonic, specification number, version number, and source for each required software productgt;. * Communications Interfaces lt;Specify the vario us interfaces to communications such as local network protocols, etc. gt; Memory Constraints lt;Specify any applicable characteristics and limits on primary and secondary memory. gt; Operations lt;List the following if not already listed in the User Interface section above: the various modes of operations in the user organization (user initiated operation), periods of interactive operations and periods of unattended operations, data processing support functions, and backup and recovery operations. gt; Site Adaptation Requirements lt;Define the requirements for any data or initialization sequences that are specific to a given site, mission, or operational mode (grid values, safety limits, etc. , and the site or mission-related features that should be modified to adapt the software to a particular installation. System Functions lt;Provide a summary of the major functions that the software will perform. The functions should be organized in a way that makes the list of functions understandable to the customer or to anyone else reading the document for the first time. Graphics can be used to show the different functions and their relationships, and the logical relationships among variables. gt; User Characteristics lt;Describe the most general characteristics of the intended users of the product including educational level, experience, and technical expertise. gt; Constraints lt;Describe any items that will limit the developer’s options such as regulatory policies, hardware limitations, interfaces to other applications, parallel operation, audit functions, control functions, higher is the availability of an operating system on a specific hardware environment that is designated for the software product. gt; Apportioning of Requirements lt;Identify requirements that may be delayed until f uture versions of the system. gt; Functional Requirements lt;Describe the fundamental actions that must take place in the software in accepting and processing the inputs and in processing and generating the outputs. Examples are validity checks on the inputs, exact sequence of operations, responses to abnormal situations, effect of parameters, and relationship of outputs to inputs, including input/output sequences and formulas for input to output conversion. Partition the functional requirements into sub functions as necessary. gt; Performance Requirements lt;List requirements in measurable terms related to the following: * -Static numerical requirements: such as the number of terminals to be supported, the number of simultaneous users to be supported, and amount and type of information to be handled, and * -Dynamic numerical requirements: such as the number of transactions and tasks and the amount of data to be processed within certain time periods for both normal and peak workload conditions. gt; Logical Database Requirements lt;Specify the logical requirements for any information that is to be placed into a database such as types of information used by various functions, frequency of use, accessing capabilities, data entities and their relationships, integrity constraints, and data retention requirements. gt; Design Constraints lt;Specify design constraints that can be imposed by other standards, hardware limitations, etc. gt; Standar d Compliance lt;Specify requirements derived from existing standards or regulationsgt; Software System Attributes lt;Describe other software attributes that can serve as requirements such as factors required to establish reliability, availability, security,

Spanish Comparisons of Inequality

Spanish Comparisons of Inequality Not only is it possible to describe someone as happy, it is also possible to describe that happiness in various degrees - happier, happier than someone, happiest, as happy as someone. In this lesson, we learn how to express the first two of those alternatives. In English, we usually can make an adjective stronger by adding -er to the end (such as in happier, stronger and faster) or by using it with the word more (as in more considerate and more intense). In Spanish, there is no direct equivalent of -er; adjectives are made more intense by preceding them with ms. For example: Marà ­a est ms feliz. Marà ­a is happier.El cielo de Cuba es ms azul. Cubas sky is bluer.Mis padres son ms ricos. My parents are richer.Compro unos libros ms caros. I am buying some more expensive books. Usually que is used when making a comparison: Mi coche es ms grande que tu coche. My car is bigger than your car.Soy ms alto que tà º. Im taller than you.La casa es ms blanca que la nieve. The house is whiter than the snow. To indicate less rather than more, use menos rather than ms: Marà ­a est menos feliz. Marà ­a is less happy.El cielo de Chile es menos azul. Chiles sky is less blue.La casa es menos blanca que la nieve. The house is less white than the snow. Ms and menos can be used with adverbs in the same way: Corres ms rpido que yo. You run faster than I.Silvia habla menos claro que Ana. Silvia speaks less clearly than Ana. Note that in the above examples, in English it would be very common to add a form of to do at the end of the comparison, such as You run faster than I do and Silvia speaks less clearly than Ana does. However, the do or does should not be translated to Spanish. There are a few words, all very common, that have their own comparative forms: The comparative form of bueno (good) and its forms (buena, buenos and buenas) is mejor or mejores, translated as better. Example: Eres mejor hombre que yo. You are a better man than I.The comparative form of bien (well) is also mejor, again translated as better. Example: Ella estudia mejor que tà º. She studies better than you.The comparative form of malo (bad) and its forms (mala, malos and malas) is peor or peores, translated as worse. Example: Los remedios son peores que la enfermedad. The cures are worse than the illness.The comparative form of mal (badly) is also peor, again translated as worse. Example: Se siente peor que yo. He feels worse than I do. Additionally, although ms pequeà ±o and ms grande are often used for smaller and bigger, respectively, menor and mayor are sometimes used. Mayor also is used to mean older when referring to people. Note: Do not confuse comparisons of adjectives or adverbs with more than and less than in the following examples. Note that ms de and menos de are used when referring to numbers. Tengo ms de 30 pesos. I have more than 30 pesos.Mi hijo tiene menos de 20 aà ±os. My son is less than 20 years old.

Spread Sheet Modelling Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Spread Sheet Modelling - Article Example Layout plan 1. The user can either click â€Å"Run Random 10 Day Simulation† to generate outputs over 10 days using random values for all inputs OR 2. Enter a temperature for the next day OR click the â€Å"Randomly Generate Temperature† button to generate one. 3. The user then enters their intended: a) Price per cup b) Initial Investment 4. The user also needs to either enter their: a) Amount of Vodka per Jug b) Number of Ice Cubes per Cup OR click the buttons to optimize these variables to maximize demand. 5. Then clicking the â€Å"Calculate Demand† button will automatically take them to sheet 2, calculate the predicted demand and the required quantities of stock to satisfy this demand. 6. The user must enter their intended stock purchases subject to data validation to avoid them trying to purchases items in quantities that are unavailable or that cost more than there is funds available for. Alternatively they can also click the button labeled â€Å"Optimize Purchases† to have the best possible combination of purchases displayed for them. 7. The user can then click the button â€Å"Run Simulation†, this will take them to sheet 3, where the outputs for that day will be displayed. 8. Clicking â€Å"Next day† will then save all the inputs and outputs in sheets 5-7, reset all the values on sheets 1-3 and return them to the front sheet to repeat the process. 9. When the user has cycled through the process 10 times they will automatically be taken to sheet 4 where the cumulative totals are displayed. They can also access this at any earlier point by clicking â€Å"Display Cumulative Totals†. ... 6. The user must enter their intended stock purchases subject to data validation to avoid them trying to purchases items in quantities that are unavailable or that cost more than there is funds available for. Alternatively they can also click the button labeled "Optimize Purchases" to have the best possible combination of purchases displayed for them. 7. The user can then click the button "Run Simulation", this will take them to sheet 3, where the outputs for that day will be displayed. 8. Clicking "Next day" will then save all the inputs and outputs in sheets 5-7, reset all the values on sheets 1-3 and return them to the front sheet to repeat the process. 9. When the user has cycled through the process 10 times they will automatically be taken to sheet 4 where the cumulative totals are displayed. They can also access this at any earlier point by clicking "Display Cumulative Totals". 10. When on sheet 4 the user can click "Reset Model" which will delete all saved data and return them to the front sheet. 2.3. Assumptions - Drinks are sold by the cup only. No requests, doubles/shots etc. will be considered. - The price per cup cannot be set lower than 20p. - Price and temperature are constant over the day. - Demand is the number of people who will definitely purchase a cup. - The user cannot overdraw from their available funds. - There are no storage costs for stock that is carried over to the next day. - Only vodka and lemonade are mixed in jugs and then poured into cups with constant amounts of ice in them. 2.4. Strengths - Simple layout - The user works on the model in a structured manner starting from sheet1. Read and Batson (1999) state that "Using multiple sheets ' creates a model that is much easier to navigate."