Characteristics Of Authentic Literacy Instruction Education Essay

Attributes Of Authentic Literacy Instruction Education Essay Presentation At the point when youngsters appear on the scene, they accompany the intrinsic want to investigate their encompassing and this is found in their every day collaboration with nature around them when it includes language advancement and the sky is the limit from there. They effectively take an interest in their learning of communicated in and composed language from their folks and others connections (Teale Sulzby, 1986). They see print on the planet through signs on shops, along the street and even the market and start to cause affiliations when they to investigate printed material (i.e.paper and colored pencils, and story books). They build up their worked encounters by evaluating various things, testing and imagining their own skill levels. As the activities take on all the more significance, they increment their insight into how composed language is shaped and how they work in reality, contingent upon various circumstances (Goodman, 1986). Accordingly, this present reality offers th ese kids a whole domain that is actually rich with language encounters that the kids can learn and create in a characteristic setting. These settings will likewise include human connections that influence how kids might possibly utilize the proficiency instruments they experience (Tharp Gallimore, 1988). Not at all like the unfilled record that a few people accept kids are brought into the world with, they are really indispensable individuals from a unique framework in which nature impacts (Bronfenbrenner, 1977). The more kids utilize the assets accessible to them in nature to develop their insight and abilities corresponding to building progressively strong comprehension of components in the abstract world, they are participating in taking care of issues that uses psychological aptitudes and through their communication with individuals from their condition. Accordingly, childrens finding out about proficiency is vitally attached with reasonable activity, coming about because of their need to control, control, and capacity in their condition. Beyond question at that point, kids can't get away from the real factors of perusing and composing, which are so much a piece of their lives as there are such a significant number of connections and settings that are connected to these real factors (Teale Sulzby, 1986). Through taking an interest in exercises that require intellectual and open capacities, kids are brought into the employments of these capacities by their parental figures in manners that may support and create them. Thus, childrens soonest originations of proficiency and systems for perusing and composing are probably going to be shaped through exercises that are frequently socially prompted (Bruner, 1972). Along these lines, the case for validness in proficiency is a characteristic procedure. Genuineness alludes to the genuine encounters an individual encounters when completing explicit exercises (Ableser, 2008). This includes beneficial encounters that are normally happening in the lives of youngsters and people. At the point when a kid contends with her parent on the benefits of getting a pooch, the focuses and contentions gave are a consequence of a characteristic and genuine explanation behind doing as such. This legitimacy is conveyed into the zone of education in the study hall as the idea appears to be an intelligent movement of using the inborn interest and reason for completing an action as a piece of the way toward learning, into the study hall educators objective of getting her understudies to learn and do scholarly related exercises. The valid exercises that people regularly practice in everyday circumstances are imitated in the study hall. Lamentably the normal acts of the way of life what individuals do in every day, week after week, and month to month patterns of action don't appear to be scholastically adequate to fulfill the instructive guidelines set by the force that be. Such practices, for instance, incorporate looking for the best deal, making sense of the wellbeing risks of microwaves or inspecting costs for an arranged occasion are not deciphered satisfactorily and consequently appear to be inadequate here and there. Legitimate proficiency rehearses then appear to have flopped here and there. Bona fide Literacy Defined However, regardless of mishap, the intensity of credibility can't be denied as when schools offer study halls that are bona fide education coordinated, its potential in offering learning encounters that are like how kids learn, in actuality, outside of the study hall is an energizing possibility (Newmann Wehlage, 1993). At the point when understudies learn through genuine undertakings, understudies are attempting to make importance from their encounters and these encounters permit understudies to make significant associations (Snowball, 1992). Valid proficiency conditions additionally necessitate that understudies use correspondence in accepting and expanding their learning encounters. Without correspondence, the advancement of true encounters will be frustrated . Rhodes and Shanklin, (1993) call for valid education encounters in the homeroom, for example, perusing and composing, to hold indistinguishable open purposes from when understudies are outside of the study hall. When Schmoker (2007) characterized bona fide proficiency, he clarified that understudies who figure out how to peruse, compose and think successfully (p.448) do so whenever they are offered chances to take part in top to bottom perusing higher-request addresses that is later used to contend and bolster an understanding from at least one writings (p.490) in their all-encompassing composition. The study hall conversations that are produced from both credible perusing and composing encounters are additionally bona fide encounters. Purcell-Gates, Duke and Martineau (2007) added to this by explicitly referencing valid perusing materials, for example, those that include composed classes like books, paper articles, reminders, specialized systems and in any event, welcoming cards. Attributes of Authentic Literacy Instruction What might bona fide proficiency guidance resemble in the study hall? As referenced already, the degree of credibility can be affected by the sort of perusing and composing materials that the instructor uses, for example, tradebooks rather than the conventional utilization of reading material, which are intensely composed for explicit school-related objectives. For understudies to encounter legitimate proficiency experiences, there should be deliberate yet in addition significant encounters where the education occasion isn't the ultimate objective of the action yet rather coordinated into the genuine objective reason. Credible education assets incorporate messages regularly found inside a childs domain, for example, exchange books, transport calendars, maps, and journals. Individuals are likewise esteemed assets, as they can offer firsthand records and individual information to the procedure of request. At the point when understudies approach various assets, exercises can turn out to be increasingly credible, understudies can all the more unmistakably convey their message, and be all the more completely occupied with legitimate education occasions (Wortman, 1993). Rhodes and Shanklin (1993) propose that a homeroom that implies to be bona fide ought to permit understudies to settle on decisions and have a state in their learning encounters. This decision engages understudies in study hall collaborations and dynamic activities (Wortman, 1993). Snowball (1992) shares this idea that when understudies are given a decision to design, investigate and share their thoughts, there is more reason to the exercises. Indeed, Pachtman and Wilson (2006), in one of his investigations features understudy decisions in expanding inspiration. Pachtman and Wilson (2006) stressed on genuine perusing and researched understudies suppositions on what they saw as important and drawing in understanding practices. Understudies who were offered more noteworthy decision and state in their learning encounters were progressively connected with and assumed liability for their learning because of their personal stake from the dynamic. Understudies liked to settle on their own decision of the books they were going to peruse and the achievement of those valid materials in persuading the understudies was a reasonable sign that educators should observe that decision permits genuineness and instructors can utilize this data to design their exercises (Pachtman and Wilson, 2006). Beside books, legitimate encounters are characterized through the people decision to make and offer important and intentional content for a self-chose crowd (Wortman, 1993, p. 1). This would imply that in zones, for example, composing, understudies as opposed to completing the errand of composing a letter to somebody, whom the instructor had chosen previously, understudies can settle on choices on who their letters can be coordinated to. A study hall that is centered around bona fide education must be applicable to the lives of the understudies. As much as decision and the kind of materials can help make a bona fide proficiency condition. Instructors and understudies have educational plan requests put on them and if any validness is included, it stays shallow. The instructor can address the issues of the educational program and stay true, even pertinent to the understudies. For instance, in a unit on untamed life, the instructor may make an action where understudies research on explicit leatherback turtles. This movement meets the prerequisites of the educational program, anyway is as yet immaterial to the understudies. To meet significance in a valid proficiency study hall, the instructor could permit understudies to investigate on a creature that the understudies choose their own which has pertinence to their individual lives. A few understudies might need to investigate on penguins they saw at the zoo or the cheet ah, somebody has contrasted them and. The understudies will reference from various sources, for example, the Internet, magazines, and master sources. The understudies will choose what they need to do with the data they have accumulated, regardless of whether it is to keep in touch with somebody in the administration, produce an introduction to hotspot for assets to support a particular untamed life safeguarding store or even think of a natural life bulletin to be imparted to their schoolmates. This movement will meet the necessities of genuine assets, decision and pertinence; and still fulfill educational plan needs. Significant exercises permit understudies to chip away at

The Annual Inflation Rate Essays - Monetary Policy, Inflation

The Annual Inflation Rate The Annual Inflation Rate Pretty much all that we do as a country loans to the yearly swelling rate. In this article, however, I have picked four of the most significant factors that impact swelling the most. Expansion is the continued increment in costs, or as it were, a consistent decrease in the purchasing intensity of the dollar. I have concocted a condition that incorporates the accompanying factors: the joblessness rate, the government subsidizes loan cost, per capita pay, and new home deals. These factors reliably have demonstrated a relationship to the swelling rate and aggregately may assist with clarifying the reason for expansion. The principal variable I picked was the joblessness rate. This is the yearly normal of people 15 years old or more seasoned, effectively looking for and accessible for work, yet jobless. (BLS). The connection among joblessness and expansion ?gives proof of a short-run exchange off between the two factors known as the short-run Phillips bend? (BLS). The relationship recommends that by tolerating higher swelling levels, the Fed can utilize financial approach to invigorate the economy and briefly decrease joblessness. At the point when costs go up, the wages are influenced too. This happens provided that no alterations are made, at that point similar wages will purchase less products and enterprises, which influences purchaser spending. Less spending implies less benefits, which finishes in cutbacks and higher joblessness. The other side uncovers the impact of joblessness on expansion. The theory for this variable is that as the joblessness rate diminishes, the yearly expansion rate wil l increment. The thinking here is that if more individuals are utilized and have cash, there is all the more spending, more interest, and in this manner costs will rise. The second factor I picked was the government subsidizes loan cost. Government reserves are the Fed's channel of influencing the economy through the banks. The Fed intends to keep up a consistent economy with consistent development and stable costs. An excessive amount of cash brings about cost increments, or swelling. Too minimal expenditure eases back development. To build cash, the Fed purchases bank-claimed government protections. It pays with stores, which empower more advances, which empower more stores, etc. To lessen cash, the Fed sells government protections, and banks pay from their Fed accounts. This decreases holds, constraining banks to diminish credits. So they raise financing costs to customers and organizations. ?While lessening advances, a bank may find that its stores are not exactly permitted deprived guidelines. To remain lawful, it telephones for a one-night advance from a save money with overabundance saves. The acquired finances move from one bank's Fed record to another's, hence the name government reserves? (Fedpoint15, p.2). The government support loan cost is a decent marker of what points the Fed has for the economy and what state we are right now in. The theory for this variable is that if the Fed raises loan costs, there must be an excessive amount of cash in the economy. The Fed is foreseeing an ascent in swelling rates. So an ascent in government finance loan fees will uncover an ascent in the swelling rate. The following variable I decided to clarify swelling was per capita salary. At the point when customers have and are going through more cash, costs will keep on climbing. Pay however, assumes another job in swelling. An ascent in per capita salary is a decent marker of higher wages. Pay acceleration is an immediate consequence of low joblessness rates. The more individuals working the more cash is being made and spent, more interest and along these lines more significant expenses. Investigate an alternate edge. (Lonski, p.1). The speculation here is that according to capita salary builds, swelling will likewise increment. More cash implies all the more spending and more interest, as expressed beforehand. Hence, costs will swell. Different elements may likewise assume a job, for example, when loan costs are raised to battle expansion. Will we at that point see the contrary impact happen? The fourth and last factor I decided to help clarify swelling was new home deals. Development spending is a decent pointer of our country's economy, however the genuine acquisition of new homes is presumably a superior marker of customer spending. On the off chance that the houses are constructed and nobody is getting, it doesn't support the economy. ?Volume of deals

Word of the Week! Equanimity Richmond Writing

Word of the Week! Equanimity Richmond Writing Special thanks to Rita Willett,   MD, Healthcare Studies and Department of Biology, for our word this week.   As with our word in the last post, equanimity is hard to say and even harder to spell, but it speaks volumes in print. It provides just the right lexical item for a factious, even frightening time. The OED Online provides These definitions: The quality of having an even mind. . . .Fairness of judgement, impartiality, equity. Lets try it in a medical sense, given our source: Patients went beyond noting how the physicians advice was medically sound; they emphasized her equanimity in treating the elderly with dignity. The terms history reaches to the 17th Century, with public servant and private diarist Samuel Pepys using our word in much the same way we would today. If the term has fallen out of favor, I wonder if equanimity itself has waned? That virtue, as well as its signifier, deserve better. Nominate a word by e-mailing me (jessid -at- richmond -dot- edu) or leaving a comment below. See all of our Words of the Week here. Image of Samuel Pepys courtesy of Wikipedia Commons.

The Case of the Missing Italics

In a column by Boston Globe journalist Ellen Goodman, this odd-looking sentence caught my eye: Lets go back to a McCain op-ed that did run in The New York Times before the invasion. Funny, but Id seen this sort of thing before—in a George Will column (from May 2007) that appeared in the online edition of The New York Post: This citys taxi cartel is offering an audacious new rationalization for corporate welfare, asserting a right -- a (BEG ITAL)constitutional(END ITAL) right, (BEG ITAL)in perpetuity(END ITAL) -- to revenues it would have received if Minneapolis City Council had not ended the cartel that never should have existed. Obviously, the parenthetical remarks are computer-speak for begin and end italics—a message that in these two cases had been improperly coded, transmitted, or received. Not an especially newsworthy matter, perhaps, but the question arises: why do newspapers still experience such problems with italics? An answer, of sorts, can be found in The Associated Press Stylebook, the (American) journalists bible: Italic type face cannot be sent through AP computers. Turning for amplification to Ask the Editor at APStylebook.com, we find a number of inquiries pertaining to italics--all of them answered patiently by David Minthorn in more or less the same way: Is it correct to italicize car names, for example, would Prius in Toyota Prius be in italics? - from Pasadena, California on Wed, Jul 30, 2008Italics arent used for car names or anything else in AP news stories. Dont be confused by italicized examples in the AP Stylebook.What is the rule for the title of academic journals? Should they be italicized or put in quotation marks? - from Little Rock, AR on Wed, Jul 09, 2008AP uses straight type for titles of academic and other journals, no quotation marks or italics, principal words capitalized.Us Magazine (entire thing ital) or Us magazine (no ital on magazine)? - on Tue, Jun 03, 2008 Us Weekly . . . AP doesnt use italics in news stories.What is the correct style for the New England Journal of Medicine? Italics or quotation marks? Thanks in advance. - from Washington DC on Tue, May 06, 2008No quotes or italics for titles of publications, so its correct as written.Boat/Ship names should be italicized, but in the instance of USS Arizona, wo uld USS also be italicized? - on Tue, Apr 22, 2008The AP Stylebook would only use USS Arizona in italics as an example, to differentiate from a definition. In AP news stories, italics arent used because the typeface doesnt transmit through all computers. Were left to wonder which model of Kaypro computer the AP still relies on. Most style guides (those without AP in the name) advocate the use of italics for emphasis and with titles of complete works—books, plays, movies, magazines, CDs, television series, and works of art. But then, if you subscribe to The AP Stylebook, theres really nothing left to learn about italics. More About Online Resources for Writers: Top Three Grammar and Usage Advice SitesTop 10 Blogs for Writers, Editors, Teachers of WritingTop Five Business Writing Sites

Calculate Concentration of Ions in Solution

This worked example problem illustrates the steps necessary to calculate the concentration of ions in an aqueous solution in terms of molarity.  Molarity is one of the most common units of concentration. Molarity is measured in  number of moles  of a substance per unit volume.   Question a. State the concentration, in moles per liter, of each ion in 1.0 mol Al(NO3)3.b. State the concentration, in moles per liter, of each ion in 0.20 mol K2CrO4. Solution Part a.  Dissolving 1 mol of Al(NO3)3 in water dissociates into 1 mol Al3 and 3 mol NO3- by the reaction: Al(NO3)3(s) → Al3(aq) 3 NO3-(aq) Therefore: concentration of Al3 1.0 Mconcentration of NO3- 3.0 M Part b.  K2CrO4 dissociates in water by the reaction: K2CrO4 → 2 K(aq) CrO42- One mol of K2CrO4 produces 2 mol of K and 1 mol of CrO42-. Therefore, for a 0.20 M solution: concentration of CrO42- 0.20 Mconcentration of K 2Ãâ€"(0.20 M) 0.40 M Answer Part a.Concentration of Al3 1.0 MConcentration of NO3- 3.0 M Part b.Concentration of CrO42- 0.20 MConcentration of K 0.40 M

Honda (a) Free Essays

Q1. What’s the strategy that allowed Honda to be so successful in the US market? It is a fact that Honda had experienced a remarkable success during the period from the late 50’s to the end of the 70’s. This success is a result of the strategy the company developed at that stage of its lifecycle. We will write a custom essay sample on Honda (a) or any similar topic only for you Order Now This strategy in principle is a technologically based strategy; where Honda established Honda Technical Research Institute (HTRI) in 1946. In the meantime, Honda developed manufacturing expertise to become fully integrated producer of motorbikes components. In order to minimize the associated risk, Honda offered a multiproduct line, taking leadership in product innovation through the HTRI and exploiting opportunities for economies of mass production by gearing design to production objectives. How is possible that Honda’s many expensive investments lead to lower costs? The company achieved a significant product advantage through a heavy commitment to RD and advanced manufacturing techniques. Honda used its productivity-based cost advantage and RD capability to introduce new models to the market very quickly and at prices below those of competitive machines. Over time, Honda had smoothly descending real prices. This price reduction is experience-based which means that as long as more experience is acquired, Honda is capable to develop new methodologies to produce motorcycles at lower cost. This was mainly due to high production volume and improved productivity of the Japanese labor. Q2. How did Honda come to have this strategy? Honda’s strategy was a result of Honda’s underlying philosophy which is a marketing philosophy; i. e. grapping more market share and increasing the sales volume. Selling and Distribution system was a tool to implement this philosophy. What evidence do we have of forethought and planning in the company approach to production? Honda built a manufacturing plant with a capacity 10 times in excess of demand at the time of construction in 1958. Honda developed manufacturing expertise to become fully integrated producer of motorbikes components. Honda minimized risk through: offering a multiproduct line, taking leadership in product innovation through the HTRI and exploiting opportunities for economies of mass production by gearing design to production objectives. Marketing? In the 1958 Honda’s market research identified a large untapped market segment seeking a small, unintimidating motorcycle that could be used by small motorcycle business for local deliveries. Honda advertizing concerted to change the image of motorcyclist through heavy campaigning towards middle class consumers. Distribution? Honda followed a policy of developing the market region by region beginning with the west coast and moving eastward. Design? Honda designed the lightweight motors to match the market research results. In general, Products are updated or redesigned whenever a market threat or opportunity is perceived, prices are set at levels to achieve market share targets and will be cut if necessary, effective marketing systems are set up in all markets where serious competition is intended – regardless – of short term cost and finally plans and objectives look to long term payoff. Q3. To what degree was the US entry strategy thought out in advance? Honda was already the world’s largest motorcycle producer. Honda established a US subsidiary and began its push in the market by offering very small lightweight motorcycles. Honda followed a policy of developing the market region by region beginning with the west coast and moving eastward until it established the largest dealership network in the US. How to cite Honda (a), Papers Honda (a) Free Essays Q1. What’s the strategy that allowed Honda to be so successful in the US market? It is a fact that Honda had experienced a remarkable success during the period from the late 50’s to the end of the 70’s. This success is a result of the strategy the company developed at that stage of its lifecycle. We will write a custom essay sample on Honda (a) or any similar topic only for you Order Now This strategy in principle is a technologically based strategy; where Honda established Honda Technical Research Institute (HTRI) in 1946. In the meantime, Honda developed manufacturing expertise to become fully integrated producer of motorbikes components. In order to minimize the associated risk, Honda offered a multiproduct line, taking leadership in product innovation through the HTRI and exploiting opportunities for economies of mass production by gearing design to production objectives. How is possible that Honda’s many expensive investments lead to lower costs? The company achieved a significant product advantage through a heavy commitment to RD and advanced manufacturing techniques. Honda used its productivity-based cost advantage and RD capability to introduce new models to the market very quickly and at prices below those of competitive machines. Over time, Honda had smoothly descending real prices. This price reduction is experience-based which means that as long as more experience is acquired, Honda is capable to develop new methodologies to produce motorcycles at lower cost. This was mainly due to high production volume and improved productivity of the Japanese labor. Q2. How did Honda come to have this strategy? Honda’s strategy was a result of Honda’s underlying philosophy which is a marketing philosophy; i. e. grapping more market share and increasing the sales volume. Selling and Distribution system was a tool to implement this philosophy. What evidence do we have of forethought and planning in the company approach to production? Honda built a manufacturing plant with a capacity 10 times in excess of demand at the time of construction in 1958. Honda developed manufacturing expertise to become fully integrated producer of motorbikes components. Honda minimized risk through: offering a multiproduct line, taking leadership in product innovation through the HTRI and exploiting opportunities for economies of mass production by gearing design to production objectives. Marketing? In the 1958 Honda’s market research identified a large untapped market segment seeking a small, unintimidating motorcycle that could be used by small motorcycle business for local deliveries. Honda advertizing concerted to change the image of motorcyclist through heavy campaigning towards middle class consumers. Distribution? Honda followed a policy of developing the market region by region beginning with the west coast and moving eastward. Design? Honda designed the lightweight motors to match the market research results. In general, Products are updated or redesigned whenever a market threat or opportunity is perceived, prices are set at levels to achieve market share targets and will be cut if necessary, effective marketing systems are set up in all markets where serious competition is intended – regardless – of short term cost and finally plans and objectives look to long term payoff. Q3. To what degree was the US entry strategy thought out in advance? Honda was already the world’s largest motorcycle producer. Honda established a US subsidiary and began its push in the market by offering very small lightweight motorcycles. Honda followed a policy of developing the market region by region beginning with the west coast and moving eastward until it established the largest dealership network in the US. How to cite Honda (a), Essay examples

Nursing Care and Management for Elderly Patient Sample for Students

Questions: 1.Identify and Prioritise the Most Important Nursing Care Issues for a Client2. Identify the Influences Impacting on the Older Person and their level of Function and Levett-Jones Clinical Reasoning Cycle as the tool to drive the Process of Identifying and Assessing, Implementing and Evaluating Care. Answer: 1.Introduction Risk of geriatric syndromes, functional decline, and chronic illness, are a threat to older adults' well being. 43% of Medicare beneficiaries report having more than three chronic conditions including heart disease, cancer, and arthritis (Federal Interagency Forum on Age Related Statistics, 2010). Reports from surveys also indicate that 42% of persons above 65years of age live with a functional limitation. In one study, the results showed that one or multiple geriatric syndromes are reported in 25% of the older population (Lee, Cigolle Blaum, 2008). Additionally, older adults spend less of their time communicating and socializing as they advance in age (Federal Interagency Forum on Age Related Statistics, 2010). This results in an accumulation of the functional decline and interaction impairments which exacerbates the person's vulnerability (Innouye, Studenski, Tinetti, Kuchel, 2007). This report will analyze the functional consequences in relation to Barbra's current medical situa tion (Hunter, 2016) and utilize clinical reasoning to map a plan toward her wellness and recovery (Levett-Jones, 2013). Patient's Description Name: Barbra Green Age: 89 Years Marital Status: Widow Barbara experiences joint stiffness; enlarged joints and swollen feet; pain in joints especially the back, hip, fingers, and knee; limited movement on the joints; constipation; dry macular degeneration; occasional dizziness; constipation, and weight loss. Her functionality has deteriorated which has resulted in decreased social functioning, poor living conditions, and also poor eating habits. She is likely to be non-adherent to her medications. The age related changes include the visual deficit due to dry macular degeneration (Boyd, 2017) and constipation (Schuster, Kosar, Kamrul, 2015). The risk factors include poor diet, use of some specific multiple medication (polypharmacy) and diminished physical activity which are known causes of constipation among the elderly (Neri, Basilisco, Corazziari, 2014). Caucasians are at a higher risk of macular degeneration than Hispanics or Africans (National Eye Institute, 2016) Poor diet and failure to exercise also causes fast progression of early macular degeneration. The negative consequences of the symptoms the patient is experiencing include social isolation and difficulty in performing activities of daily living Information Cues Barbara lives in a one-story building. The joint pains especially on her knees have limited her movement and it is likely that she avoids climbing the stairs in her house which may be an unkempt house. The fact that she has a vision deficit and has stopped driving means that shopping trips to the grocery store are limited or none, especially because of the existing pains on her joints that discourage her to walk. The patient also expressed her loneliness because of the loss of her husband and also her lost contact with friends at the German Association. Information Process Osteoarthritis: Osteoarthritis is common in women than in men who are 45 years and above. The disease occurs when bone cartilage wears and tears and in severe cases, it leaves bones which friction against each other. The symptoms include: mild to acute pain in the joints as well as stiffness of joints. It affects the neck, low back, hands, weight bearing joints such as feet, hips, and knees (Antipuesto, 2010). Constipation: This is a common challenge among elderly persons with prevalence differing with settings (hospital or community). Among the population that is 65years and above and living in a community, 16% of men and 26% of women suffer from constipation (Gallegos-Orozco, Foxx-Orenstein, Sterler, Stoa, 2012). For persons that are 84 years and above, the rtes increase to 26% and 34% for men and women respectively. For patients in long term care, the rate increases by 80% (Fleming Wade, 2010) Vision Deficit: Macular degeneration that is age related occurs when the retinal macular is damaged resulting in loss of central vision but the peripheral vision remains normal. Dry macular degeneration is as a result of some parts of the macula getting thinner and drusen grows (Boyd, 2017). Assessment and Interventions Osteoarthritis Assessment Aching pain that is deep and which is more pronounced after exercise or weight bearing; pain is relieved by rest Joint deformity or swelling Joint stiffness that lasts Heberdens nodes on interphalangeal distal joints and Bouchards nodes on interphalangeal proximal joints. Diagnosis Chronic pain linked to deterioration of joints. Diagnostic Evaluation X-rays show sclerosis and narrowing of joint space in affected joints Radionuclide imaging shows increased uptake in the bones that are affected. Analysis of synovial fluid shows difference in osteoathritic and rheumatoid joints. Interventions Involved joints should be rested. Patient advised to avoid pain precipitating activities. Relieve stiffness and pain using heat applications Teach the patient body mechanics and posture that is correct Patient advised to relieve cervical pain by sleeping with a terry cloth that is rolled under the neck. When indicated, provide patient with cane, braes, or crutches, to minimize weight bearing stress on knees and hips. Advise patient to wear metatarsal support and corrective shoes. Teach patient simple motion exercises for joint mobility Assessment Patient should give an accurate symptoms history. Symptoms of constipation in the elderly include: abdominal pain, urinary retention, loss of appetite and nausea, overflow diarrhoea, and confusion. The risk factors include polypharmacy, alteration in fluid and nutritional intake, pre-existing diseases such as degenerative disease that affect functional and mobility status, difficulty in accessing washroom facilities (Gandel, Straus, Bundookwala, 2013) Intervention Patients should also be offered education and advice on managing their constipation. Simple lifestyle changes, such as an increase in fluid intake, regular exercise and fiber-rich food may be effective in managing constipation (Gandel, et al., 2013) Macular Degeneration Assessment Blurred vision Visual field has central blind spot Nursing Diagnosis visual impairment poor health maintenance due to lack of knowledge Injury risk due to poor vision Deficit in self care due to poor vision Nursing Management Once patient has a photodynamic therapy (PDT) session, she will be advised to avoid direct exposure to sunlight or any bright light for five days Watkins, (2010) 2.SMART GOAL Barbara will be able to walk short distances (which will be increased with time) without experiencing discomfort and pain. The distance will be increased by 300meters every week. The walks will serve as part of her exercise routine and will help with alleviating joint stiffens as well as constipation Barbara will be able to carry out her daily life activities with no assistance including preparing her own meals. Barbara will regain lost weight Taking Action A daily routine timetable will be created which will indicate what activates to do every hour of the day. The time table will include time allocation for short walks and reminders on when to sip on water and/or other fluids. It will also show the times that Barbara needs to take her medication. Barbara will need to purchase a 1Liter water/juice bottle. She will be required to fill it twice a day with water and after she is through sipping it, she will need to fill it with blended fruit juice. The 1l of juice and 1lof water need to be taken on a daily basis. Home safety: Request Tracy to help in rearranging the furniture in Barbra's house to create more clear pathways to avoid any incidences of injury. Limit use of area rugs. Have the window curtains pulled all the way back to create more light. Get a talking clock. Place things that Barbara uses regularly in the same place: toothbrush, slippers, keys, shoes etc. Evaluation Barbara is able to take short walks on a daily basis. She can walk up and down the stairs in her house without any pain discomfort. She is able to do daily living activities with no assistance. Her house is tidier and her refrigerator and kitchen cabinets are a reflection of healthier cooking and eating. Barbara reports no dizziness and constipation. She has gained 1-2 kg in 4-6 weeks. Reflection I have a clearer understanding on the need to include regular exercising and healthy eating habits in one's daily routine starting at an early age. By eating well and exercising, age related complications such as osteoarthritis, macular degeneration, and constipation are delayed. The next time I will enter appointment reminders in Barbara's mobile phone to ensure she comes in for checkups. I will also add a column in the timetable where the patient will need to put a star(s) after each activity to indicate her adherence. The timetable will also have incentives for each task completed. In addition, I should have given Tracy a copy of Barbara's timetable so that she can monitor Barbara's progress during her daily calls. Conclusion The care of elderly patients with osteoarthritis, macular degeneration, and constipation can be effectively done through lifestyle changes. The patient in this case was a widow who was living alone and had disconnected herself socially. The social isolation had resulted in poor eating habits causing her to lose weight, exacerbate her vision deficit, report slight dizziness spells, and constipation. By encouraging the patient to engage in regular exercises and healthier eating which includes daily intake of water and fiber rich fluids, the patient will be able to carry out her daily activities with minimal discomfort. She will also be able to return to her social life and reduce or completely eliminate feelings of loneliness and depression. Health promoting lifestyles including socializing, should be adopted at an early age to avoid late life complications such as discussed in this report. References Antipuesto, J.D (2010). Osteoathritis. https://nursingcrib.com/nursing-notes-reviewer/medical-surgical-nursing/osteoarthritis/ Accessed: 03rd April, 2017 Boyd, K (2017). What is Macular Degeneration? American Academy of Opthamology. https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/amd-macular-degeneration. Accessed: 03rd April 2017 Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics.Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics.Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; Jul, 2010. Older Americans 2010: Key Indicators of Well-Being. Fleming V, Wade WE. A review of laxative therapies for treatment of chronic constipation in older adults.Am J Geriatr Pharmacother.2010;8(6):51450Gallegos-Orozco JF, Foxx-Orenstein AE, Sterler SM, Stoa JM. Chronic constipation in the elderly.Am J Gastroenterol.2012;107(1):1825.Epub 2011 Oct 11 Gandell D, Straus SE, Bundookwala M, Tsui V, Alibhai SM. Treatment of constipation in older people.CMAJ.2013;185(8):66370.Epub 2013 Jan 28. Hunter, S. (Ed). (2016). Millers nursing for wellness in older adults (2 nd Australia and New Zealand ed.) North Ryde, NSW: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins. Innouye SK, Studenski S, Tinetti ME, Kuchel GA. (2007). Geriatric syndromes: Clinical, research, and policy implications of a core geriatric concept.Journal of American Geriatrics Society.;55(5):780791. Lee PG, Cigolle C, Blaum C. (2009)The co-occurrence of chronic diseases and geriatric syndromes: The health and retirement study.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.57(3):511516. Levett-Jones, T. (Ed.). (2013). Clinical reasoning: Learning to think like a nurse. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson. National Eye Institute (2016). Facts About Age-Related Macular Degeneration. https://nei.nih.gov/health/maculardegen/armd_facts. Accessed: 03rd April, 2017. Neri L, Basilisco G, Corazziari E.(2014) Constipation severity is associated with productivity losses and healthcare utilization in patients with chronic constipation. United European Gastroenterol J. 2:13847. Schuster, B. G., Kosar, L., Kamrul, R. (2015). Constipation in older adults: Stepwise approach to keep things moving.Canadian Family Physician,61(2), 152158. Watkins, S (2010). Management of older people with dry and wet age-related macular degeneration. DOI: 10.7748/nop2010.06.22.5.21.c7793

Tchaikovsky and Beethoven comparison

Tchaikovsky: The Nutcracker, MarchAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Tchaikovsky and Beethoven comparison specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The famous â€Å"March† is a part of â€Å"The Nutcracker†, presented as the second piece in the first act. It was written by a Russian composer, Tcaikovsky Pyotr Ilych (1840-1893). It was written in 1891-1892, when the author was in his sixties. This composition is one of his last works. Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C minor, Op. 67, I Symphony No.5 in C minor is a part of the first act of the Opera 67. It was written in 1804 -1808 by Ludwig Van Beethoven (1770 – 1827). Writing this composition, the author was in his mid-thirties; his hearing was constantly getting worse. To compare the two pieces, several aspects should be analyzed, which include instrumentation, form, harmony, tempo, meter, texture, style period, meaning, and orientation. Instrumentation: The Nutcracker is performed by a range of instruments, namely woodwinds, flutes, triangle, violins, snare drums. The Beethoven’s Symphony uses such instruments as Flutes, oboes, clarinets, trumpets, timpani, piccolo, bassoons, contrabassoon, and trombones. Form: the Nutcracker consists of two acts, and the March is the second composition in the first act. This piece lasts around 7 minutes. The Symphony No. 5 lasts nearly 30 minutes. The work is presented in four movements. The first one has a form of sonata Form A :|| B A’; the second movement is presented by the theme and variations T,V1,V2, V3,V4,V5.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Harmony: in Nutcracker the harmony is mainly tonic, sometimes changed by subdominant; the Symphony has tonic and sometimes dominant harmony. Tempo: the Nutcracker is presented in tempo allegro; the Symphony has a comparatively complicat ed structure and therefore the tempo is changeable. The first movement is in tempo allegro; the second movement has the andante tempo, which is later switched back to tempo allegro and at the end changed to tempo accelerando Meter: the both compositions use duple vs. triple meters. Texture: in Nutcracker the loud parts are supported by soft instrumentation; in Symphony the melody is changed rapidly from soft to very loud and back. Style period: While the Nutcracker was written during the Romantic period, the Beethoven’s Symphony was composed during the Heroic period. The meaning of the Nutcracker is absolute. The meaning of the Beethoven’s Symphony is rather programmatic. The orientation of the Nutcracker is rather secular, while the Symphony has a sacred orientation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Tchaikovsky and Beethoven comparison specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In my opinion, the both melodi es have some strengths and weaknesses. Concerning the Nutcracker, it is a very harmonic composition, which gives a general impression of good mood and some importance. I liked the party of violins which made the melody smooth and supported the main instrumentation. However, the ending did not impress me much. In my opinion, it would be better to end a march with some kind of slow and loud – textured rising notes than with chords of tempo allegro. This would make the ending more distinctive and exuberant. The Beethoven’s Symphony is a very complicated composition which appeals to me very much. I like the rapid change of harmony and texture, which is very expressive. The instrumentation is perfect; in addition, the composer uses the loud and soft parties to contrast, which is a very successful method. I think that this work is a real masterpiece of Beethoven. This essay on Tchaikovsky and Beethoven comparison was written and submitted by user America E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Social Media Versus Cyber Bullying Essays - Human Behavior, Abuse

Social Media Versus Cyber Bullying Essays - Human Behavior, Abuse Social Media Versus Cyber Bullying It seems that social media is here to stay, and to say that it isnt, is almost taboo to most people. Social media is big part of our daily lives, we use it to sign up for games, talk to people far away, and even to meet new people. This is can be a wonderful thing if used for the right reasons. Sadly people do not always do things for the right reasons, they can become a different person online because they feel safe behind the keyboard they are typing on. With all the hundreds of social media websites you can be apart of, you never are able to know someone for who they truly are. According to Hayeon Song, who is an assistant professor of communication at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Facebook is one major way people have social interaction, then studied people and found that the feeling of loneliness made people want to get on facebook and not that facebook made people lonely. Song decided to focus on Facebook for his study for the simple fact that it accounts for fiftyfour percent of time spent on the internet globally and it accounts for sixtytwo percent of time in the united states. One of the biggest concerns is if all this time spent connected is good or bad when we have really decided on if internet usage is psychologically beneficial or not.Song asks Does spending so many hours with a machine keep people from making real connections with other people? Or, does it allow people who are shy or socially awkward a chance to connect with others in a way that's more comfortable for them than face-to-face communication? Though it is widely known t hat people with anxiety have benefited from talking from a comfortable setting to people they do not know well, it is still believed that face-to-face interaction has changed significantly. According to Lori Ann Wagner humans are social creatures that desire that social connection, and with the introduction of social media that helps to make it easier to get that connection people desire, but she is concerned that your phone may be too Smart and can provide to much of a distraction from what's going on in the real world. She feels that a phone can keep you from experiencing what's going on around you, but knows that your phone can tell you what you are missing. So encourages you to keep using your smartphone, but also wants you to see the world and the people in it. When it comes to online interaction with people you have never met, you can not distinguish what is real and not real. While online you can become whoever you want to be, you want to be a brain surgeon? Nothing is stopping you from telling people that. While online people can change and become bullies, this is known as cyberbullying. Cyberbullying is harassing someone online for any reason, making malicious posts about people, sharing private pictures, and even sending them hurtful messages. This has become a really big issue in our society due to the fact that so many people are connected online. Cyber bullying effects mostly any child, preteen, and teenagers who have access to social media, testing, and emails. It is the cyber version of bullying on the playground, except on the playground the bigger kid is the bully, whereas online a small kid can bully the bigger kids.According to Joy Peluchette, cyber bullying is common place and has become a severe issue in china, and due to this the suicide rate in young teens has increased significantly. She has even referred to this as an epidemic. Cyberbullying is often motivated by anger and or hate towards someone else, or even just for laughs, sometimes it just makes them feel better about themselves because they have power over someone else. These kids that bully others online may be the ones who get bullied at school or even mistreated at home so when they get on the computer they feel safe and powerful behind the safety of their keyboards. This is terribly disheartening because no kid deserves to be bullied or to be made

Participation and Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Participation and Discussion Questions - Essay Example A specific ethical challenge an accountant could be confronted with is encountering a client that wants to underestimate the net income in order to lower his tax obligations. Accountants are not supposed to accommodate these types of requests from clients because it violates the code of ethics of the accounting profession as well as the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Another ethical concern in regards to financial performance is payroll policies. Companies can decrease their labor costs by paying below market value to its employees, but such a practice can be counterproductive because personnel will be persuaded to leave the company and work for a competitor that pays better. 2. Discussion questions The Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 helped improved many aspects of the accounting profession that had ethical implications. For instance Section 404 of SOX deals with internal controls. These internal controls can be used to detect misappropriations and fraud. The Act increa sed the accountability of the profession. CEOs are now responsible for the accuracy of the financial statements. If fraud is detected the Sarbanes Oxley Act created capital punishment penalties of up to 25 years in prison. Sarbanes Oxley positive impacted Wall Street because it increased the customer confidence in the stock market. SOX helped safeguard the assets of a company. The Sarbanes Oxley Act also created auditor independence. The Enron scandal showed that how collusion can occur between and auditors and the managers when auditor independence does not exists. There things that could be done to improve the efficiency of the SOX law. Currently it is costing public companies over $1 million for compliance costs. The Sarbanes Oxley Act should be revised to eliminate the waste or inefficient processes that are causing compliance cost to escalate in the United States of America. Agency problems were reduced in companies that are complying in the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002. 3. Parti cipation - Gigi I agree with you to a certain extend that the use of cameras can be perceived as a breach of privacy, but in reality business are protected by the law because they have to right to monitor the work of its employees. A grey area in the practice is the usage of hidden cameras. The employee should know if they are being recorded by video. It is my opinion that hidden cameras without the knowledge of the employee that they are been recorded is unethical and could be violating civil rights, but I am not a lawyer. If anybody knows the answer to this please continue the discussion going. 4. Participation – David Accounting is a profession that functions well when the accounting staff has high moral and ethical standards. There have been rotten apples in the corporate world that have caused major accounting scandals such as WorldCom, Tyco, and Enron, but the majority of accountants are very honest people. All accountants know they have to comply with the generally acc epted accounting principles (GAAP). A lot of people don’t realize that accounting is a precise science that when prepared following GAAP will always give the same results. Currently the NBA and the players are on a lockout. To me it is sad that the players are claiming that the accounting losses of $300 million that the league suffered are not true considering the fact that a CPA certified those numbers. 5. Participation - Taneda I agree with you that ethics is extremely important in the business

Wal-Mart's Recovery from the Bribery Scandal Essay

Wal-Mart's Recovery from the Bribery Scandal - Essay Example They covered evidence from the previous investigation, and the accused were never punished. This was against the moral and ethical standards upheld by the company as it pursued growth in Mexico (pp.2). Giving bribes and promoting the accused employees did not display any morals or business ethics. This was an example of impunity by a leading world retail market. Investors believed the significant growth experienced by Wal-mart de Mexico was a model for future growth and the most successful investment business. Corruption allegations and evidence that was unearthed by investigators was a substantial setback to investors. The top executive was supposed to prevent any misconduct by the company, but they orchestrated the bribes. This was against what investors expected from them, and a break of their trust. According to Cicero (pp.3) he had dispatched lawyers to deliver large amounts of cash to government officials who dealt with issuing of permits. This enabled the company open several branches within a short time. The company had hired gestores to conduct the bribes, who would in turn receive 6 percent of the bribe money. These were additional expenses by the company. This was an enormous misuse of investor money and an apology from the CEO would be one way of regaining their trust. ... It was discovered a few days later that a top lawyer planned to ship files of internal investigators to Mexico (pp.2). The company executives had failed to cooperate with FCPA, which was against corporate conduct. After the first allegations in 2005, a group of executives began working secretly to conceal those claims and prevent deep investigations (pp.3). Investigators also received resistance from powerful executives implicated in the scandal in order to impede and conceal the evidence (pp. 3). The company had hired an external law firm to conduct investigations, but their approach was rejected by the company leaders. They were replaced by internal investigators who conducted a preliminary inquiry (pp. 8). Investigators found that gestores had received millions of shillings and the top executive was aware of the payment. They had used codes that different from other billing records, which could only be understood by specific workers. These payments were to speed up expansion plans by the company instead of following legal procedures to acquire those permits. The management worked hard to end the investigations and hide any inquiry until it was reported again in 2012. This was a sign of poor leadership and corporate citizenship. The company had acquired market dominance through fraud, and corporate accountability is necessary for rebuilding its reputation. This would open the company to scrutiny by shareholders and the public regarding its business activities. A corporate website would help accountability and the public scrutiny process. With the current development in internet technology, a public website would provide accurate information to the public and other interested parties. The company can make crisis information available on the

Epidemiology of Ebola

Epidemiology of Ebola Genesis Santiago Introduction Historical Significance Epidemiology is the study of disease distributed amongst a certain population of people. This study zooms in on groups versus individual people in the population. Epidemiology is specifically concerned with studying and surveying a population to understand what groups are being affected and whether it is based on age, sex, ethnic group, and or occupation. Furthermore the data collected during the survey and study are utilized to come to a conclusion on risk factors and how to prevent further spread of the epidemic. The Ebola virus disease is an epidemic that has returned to claim more lives than one can count. This virus was formerly known as the hemorrhagic fever. The virus was first discovered during an outbreak dated back to the year 1976. The virus obtained its name from the Ebola River in Africa. EBOV causes death in 80 to 90 percent of cases http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/epidemiology Natural Life History Just as any other virus Ebola’s goal is to enter the host and replicate. Ebola has one major difference from other viruses, which is that the reservoir species is unknown. Not knowing the reservoir of the Ebola virus makes this part of the life cycle a mystery. What scientists do know about the virus is the effects and the manner in which the virus operates once it has invaded the host. The virus is made up of seven proteins that work together to consume the host cell as it begins making countless copies of itself. The seven proteins that make up the virus, violently attack the body of the cell and it’s and the structural proteins of the body of the host. Ebola multiplies at a rapid speed and immediately the infected cells become full of crystal-like blocks of virus components. The incubation period of the virus is 2 to 21 days. Ebola was first discovered in Ebola River located in West Africa. Speculation about the virus living in animal host that are native to Africa has also been a hot topic. The suspected reservoirs of the virus include bats, insects, rodents and primates that can be found in the tropical forests of Africa and Asia. In other words the virus thrives in native animals. Fortunately any animal that may have the Ebola virus if cooked cannot infect a human however when uncooked it can. If the virus does not have a host or a reservoir it cannot survive. Currently scientists do not know how the virus is killed. http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/guinea/index.html http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/177623/Ebola The pathophysiology of the disease is a more complicated then many would think. If studied under an electron microscope, the virus appears as long filaments that can be branched and even weaved. The particles of the virus consist of a molecule of noninfectious single-stranded RNA. Scientists have no knowledge on how the virus attacks the cells. It has not been confirmed but researchers believe proteins suppress the immune system. These proteins that suppress the immune system are now allowed to produce replicates of the virus. Ebola can be spread through contact with bodily fluids and/or blood. Studies show that of the very few that miraculously survived from the disease still retained the virus in their organs after recovery. The disease is easy to spread in unsanitary areas that do not have enough medical supplies. Another way many are being infected is through rituals done when person has passed away. The body fluids still carry the disease. Using aseptic procedures when treating infected patient and wearing protective can prevent the transmission of the Ebola virus. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/177623/Ebola/280820/Course-of-infection Prevalence, Morbidity Mortality Ebola has claimed thousands of lives already. On August 31, 2014 it was reported by the CDC that 2,106 death cases were confirmed in the laboratory of having been caused by Ebola. On September 5, 2014 it was reported by WHO that 3,944 people have been infected by the virus. The current mortality rate of the Ebola virus is 49.9 % however it can reach 90%, in other words about half of the infected cases have resulted in fatalities. http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/resources/outbreak-table.html http://healthfinder.gov/News/Article/691500/novel-ebola-vaccine-shows-potential-in-monkey-trial http://theconservativetreehouse.com/2014/09/09/cdc-calls-ebola-outbreak-perfect-viral-storm-as-infected-count-reaches-almost-4000-with-over-1500-fatalities/ Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Interventions There are three levels of interventions that can and should be applied when handling when preventing or treating disease. Primary interventions are used to reduce or prevent the chances that a disease or injury can affect a person. The primary interventions that would be applied to avoid or reduce the chances of contracting the virus is staying away from areas of known outbreaks. When consuming food avoid bush meat as they are suspected to carry the virus. When caring for patients use aseptic procedures and sanitize hands often. In order to prevent Ebola from spreading any further, everyone should be educated on the disease including signs and symptoms and the way it is transmitted. If a patient is infected use protective clothing. Another way to prevent contracting the illness is the use infection control measures. There is no cure at the moment for Ebola so there are vaccines one can receive to prevent contracting the virus. If a person becomes infected he/she must be isolated. In the unfortunate event that a patient passes away, do not attend funeral or burial that requires that one must handle the c orpse. Secondary Prevention includes practices and precaution used such as early detection screening and immediate intervention to keep the disease contained. There’s no way to detect the illness early on. It may take up to 22 days to experience symptoms of the virus. The immediate response to the disease would be to isolate the patient and begin to support the immune system. In using tertiary prevention the goal is to prevent anymore physical more deterioration of the body and improving quality of life as much as possible. Tertiary prevention does not exist at this moment as there is no known cure for Ebola virus. The only way for survival is if the patient’s immune system is strong enough to fight off the infection. The goal of a healthcare provider is to take care of the body and help to strengthen the immune system of the patient so that it can fight off the infection. http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/prevention/ Healthy People 2020 Objectives What does Healthy People 2020 have to say about this problem? What objectives/goals do they have? If it is not addressed in Healthy People 2020, state so, but look into the CDC or WHO to find out what do they have to say about this problem. Provide Citations. After searching the healthy people 2020 database for information and studies done on Ebola I was unable to find any information. According to the CDC It is currently working with United States government agencies, WHO including domestic and international partners on one of the largest Ebola outbreaks. The CDC says that this outbreak is indeed the first outbreak in West Africa. Fortunately for the United States the Ebola virus does not pose a threat to the United States. Most importantly the CDC has now activated its Emergency Operations Center. The (EOC) is set up to help with technical assistance and organize communication with it’s partners. CDC has sent a number of health care experts to the West of Africa to several teams of public health experts to the West Africa region to begin helping the country in this crisis. http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/resources/outbreaks.html Conclusion/Recommendation Summarized the most important points from your research. Provide citations. What recommendations can you offer to deal with the problem. In conclusion, the Ebola virus currently does not a confirmed resivre it comes from. Due to the fact that researchers still do not completely understand the pathophysiology of the virus this disease is hard to control and no cure is known yet. The lack of knowledge on the disease including the lack of resources is the reason the virus has been spreading like a wild fire. Thousands of West Africans are growing fearful and skeptical of the disease and even more dangerously the health care providers. Thousands of people have lost their lives or loved ones to this virus. As a nation I believe all we can do at this point is pray for that this crisis is isolated, and a cure is found soon. Although there is no significant threat of the virus in our country one can never be sure, therefore we should always wash our hands, and report signs of any symptoms as soon as possible. References Epidemiology. (n.d.). Retrieved August 25, 2014, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/epidemiology 2014 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa. (2014, August 29). Retrieved September 3, 2014, from http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/index.html Outbreaks Chronology: Ebola Virus Disease. (2014, August 29). Retrieved September 1, 2014, from http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/history/chronology.html Prevention. (2014, September 19). Retrieved September 2, 2014, from http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/prevention/ CDC Calls Ebola Outbreak Perfect Viral Storm As Infected Count Reaches Almost 4,000 With Over 1,500 Fatalities (2014, September 5). Retrieved September 8, 2014, from http://theconservativetreehouse.com/2014/09/09/cdc-calls-ebola-outbreak-perfect-viral-storm-as-infected-count-reaches-almost-4000-with-over-1500-fatalities/

Best Practice Cases in Branding Essay

Kevin Lane Keller (born 23 June 1956) is the E. B. Osborn Professor of Marketing at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College. He is most notable for having authored Strategic Brand Management (Prentice Hall, 1998, 2002 & 2008), a widely-used text on brand management. The book is focused on the â€Å"how to† and â€Å"why† of brand management, this strategy guide provides specific tactical guidelines for planning, building, measuring, and managing brand equity. He has published his research in the Journal of Marketing, Journal of Marketing Research, and Journal of Consumer Research. In addition, Philip Kotler selected Keller to be his co-author on the most recent edition of Kotler’s market-leading text Marketing Management. Keller was formerly on the faculty at the Stanford Graduate School of Business, the University of California, Berkeley and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He has served as a visiting professor at Duke University and the Australian Graduate School of Management. He is an alumnus of Cornell University, Carnegie-Mellon University and Duke University. In the private sector, Keller often acts as a consultant on branding, speaks at industry conferences, and helps to manage the rock band The Church. Keller currently resides in Etna, New Hampshire. Books by Kevin Lane Keller (chronological order) Kotler, Philip/Keller, Kevin Lane: Marketing Management, 13th edition, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall 2009. Keller, Kevin Lane: Strategic Brand Management, 3rd edition, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall 2008. Keller, Kevin Lane: Best Practice Cases in Branding, 3rd ed., Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall 2008.

Employers and Employees rights Essay

INTRODUCTION: In this piece of course work I am going to describe, using examples from Shropshire county council, the rights of the employer and its employees. I am also going to explain using examples of how the they resolve the disagreements with its employees over rights of employment or working conditions. Then I am going to evaluate the extent to which Shropshire ensures that a good working relationship exist between the employers and employees. 1. Describe the employer and employee rights of the business you have investigated in detail and give examples. We as employers and employees at Shropshire county council are protected by numerous amount of laws Some of these laws are: Equal pay act 1963 This allows us as employees to get a fair share in pay. This act will enable us to take legal action against Shropshire if we feel and have proof of not getting the right amount of pay that should be permitted. Not only does this act helps us as employees it also helps our employers. The directors of Shropshire county council employ the employers that employ us, so they too are considered to be employees. Race relation act 1976 This act allows us both as employees and employers to be treated fairly. This act has to do with the discrimination against our race or religion. It enables us to take legal actions against Shropshire if we feel and have proof of unfair treatment of our race and religion. Pregnancy and Discrimination act This act is here for both the employees and employers if we are fired or discriminated because of being pregnant. This will allow us to get compensation. If fired this will also allow us to also get our job back at Shropshire. Health and Safety act This is there for both we the employees and our employers. Not only are we protected by this act we are also responsible for the health and safety for the other members of staff. E.g. in the computer rooms we must act responsible for not permitted to smoke in non-smoking areas, if done this could affect other members of staff. 2. State how the business resolves its disagreements with employees in connection with employment and working conditions. When disputes occur at Shropshire the management will try to follow the correct procedure. Wherever possible the issue is dealt with by managers within the council. There are clear procedures to follow, which will be carefully followed. . E.g. if a member of staff was discriminated by one of his or her co-workers with proof the staff member could bring it to a union representative and ask them for help. The main union for workers in the council is NALGO (National Association for Local Workers). The officers will then advise the employees of there rights and they will then try and investigate the situation and having a meeting so that they could try and resolve the problem. If an agreement can’t be reach even by arbitration the European Court of justice night be last resort. They will then discuss the problem and the employee who was at fault could be fired or suspended for a certain amount of days/months. If suspended then the employee would return once the situation have been investigated. if this fails then they could go to a tribunal, which is a small court that resolve small cases. 3. State the weaknesses and strength on the ways that your chosen business ensures a good working relationship with the employer and its employees. Weaknesses If you are suspended for something that you didn’t do then, you can be the one who feel guilty. So I think that they should really investigate and make sure that they have the right substantial evidence before they fire or suspend the employee. Strengths It is abiding the law. All the actions that are taken are legal, and the victim could get compensation. Another strength is that there is access to the right information and there is also a department that will give people advice. > NET–> http://www.osbornebooks.co.uk/pdf/intermediate_business_1.pdf Date (18/10/04) > NET–> http://www.davidjreed.com/Corporate/business_types.htm Date (18/10/04) > BOOK–> GCSE Applied Business–> AUTHORS–> Michael Fardon, Chris Nuttall, John Prokopiw –>UNIT 1–>NUMBER–> 5&6 –>from pages 42-61 Date (18/10/04) > LEAFLET–>Shropshire County council case study –>page 121 Date (18/10/04)

How to Reach Your Goals with a Personal Development Plan

Women and the Media - 3250 Words

The Perfect Female Body: Long before beauty pageants, Barbie dolls, and extra-ordinarily beautiful girls, came about the idea of the female body. Whether you are a believer of creationalism, scientology, or evolutionism, somehow we all came about with the perception of the â€Å"perfect† female. Women have always been seen, and portrayed as a sex symbol, and usually the disobedient one. Dating back to B.C and the story of Adam and Eve, Eve was the naked one who bit into the fruit that god told her was forbidden. Why couldn’t it have been Adam that caused such scandal, and was the cause for destruction, and crime in the world, and not Eve? From the believed beginning of time, to present day, women have really only progressed a small†¦show more content†¦Everyday of their lives, people are bombarded with advertisements pushing to sell them something, or broadcasting a new and upcoming television program. The average American sees as many as 300-500 advertisements per day. Some se e as many as 1,200 a day. (Jean Kilbourne, Ed. D.) General media is tied with public relations, and has become a source of entertainment to the public eye. Women are usually seen as eye-candy, to attract the male heterosexual audience. Men and woman are usually portrayed in different ways, on national television, and Hollywood films. Men usually play the tough guy, macho man roles, while the women are predominately represented as white, young, glamorous, heterosexual, and less influential then men. (Campbell and Carilli, 2005) Attractive women are usually displayed in both male and female advertisements, and play a double role. Women will think that if they purchase this product, they will resemble the model advertising the product, and the men are tricked to think that if they purchase the product, that they will attract women like the ones advertising the product. This is the â€Å"sex sells† propaganda tactic. Models in the advertisements aren’t supposed to l ook like the â€Å"average,† ordinary people. To sell products, advertisers use computer generation tools, to erase any â€Å"flaws,† to appeal to a consumer. The goals of print media are usually reached, and out to target the younger audience. According to a survey conducted onShow MoreRelatedThe Women Of The Media1462 Words   |  6 PagesBeautiful, flawless, and slim, those are the women of the media. Times have indeed changed but has the portrayal of women taken a turn? Perhaps yes, in the sense that women are now showed to do more than just cleaning, and cooking, but yet in 2014 or 1950 the women of the media were still captured for beauty and slimness. 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It is all-dependent on the cosmetic product and the image the company wishes to project. A handsome man will be used to portray the newest skin product, as a male will be aiming to live up to this standard of beauty. It is not only women aiming to be beautiful but I would mention that the majority of facial products are aimed towards women merely because there is such a vast quantity available. ‘The representation of women in the

Customer Identification And Their Needs - 1434 Words

As relationship professionals of our industry we have a responsibility to ensure that we take the necessary steps in taking care of each client and their needs. Since we have established our client groups needs we now have a chance to interact with them and provide them a level of service and solutions that meets their established needs. Our clients depend on us to ensure that they can trust us in our decision making and if we show them consistent effort and positive intention then we can achieve their long-term business. In this exam, we will provide overview of the strategy in a question and answer format. (The Root) Our department accepts the challenge of developing a plan to grow new relationships and to steward existing relationships. Leadership has started a new plan to be a premier relationship based company focused on the sustained long term relationships that will continue to benefit not only the customer but our goods business as well. Customer identification and differenti ation has been completed for us thanks to the operations team getting that data to us in the last briefing. Our task team at hand is to discern and label the interactions and customizations that are needed to follow through on our new model of IDIC. Our dialogue with the customer is going to help us determine who is talking about the brand, what they are saying and where is it being talked about dialogue with the customer is going to help us determine who is talking about the brand, what they areShow MoreRelatedThe 2201 Principles Of Marketing Essay902 Words   |  4 PagesThis discourse is about the steps companies need to take to engage in the one to one marketing of the Five â€Å"I†s. the five â€Å"I† s is composed of: 1. Identification 2. Interaction 3. Individualization’ 4. Integration and 5. 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Similarities and Differences of Raison D’etat and Realpolitik free essay sample

The essence of raison d’etat was â€Å"that the interest of stability the legitimate crowned heads of the states of Europe had to be preserved†¦ and that, above all, relations among states had to be determined by consensus among like minded rulers. † (Kissinger, 104) With the rising power of monarchies, and the loss of the church sanction, raison d’etat overtook past medieval ways. This balance of power in Europe proved more effective in maintaining peace and order, which, at this time, held merit. The French Napoleon III, and the German Otto von Bismarck began realpolitik, which replaced Richelieu’s policy. These men ignored the ideas of raison d’etat, and felt the relations among states should be based on power and ability. Once France and Germany (under Napoleon III, and Bismarck’s rule) began to make power moves exclusively beneficial to themselves, often times at the expense of the other states, raison d’etat was more or less abandoned as a policy. Raison d’etat introduced a lot of the ideas that realpolitik maintained. These two policies were not entirely opposite. Raison d’etat introduced the concepts of separating church and state, and that the powers of Europe must stay balanced to maintain order. Under this philosophy, each state could focus on themselves, while maintaining an equilibrium with the other states. Raison d’etat replaced the medieval law of universal moral values. The concept of raison d’etat â€Å"was simply an extension of conventional wisdom. Its primary goal was to prevent domination by one state and to preserve the international order; it was not designed to prevent conflicts, but to limit them. † (Kissinger, 67). This fact of raison d’etat may have opened the door for realpolitik, as it was considerably facilitated by rising nationalism, and unrest among the states. This policy kept Europe at peace for a notable amount of time, but eventually the states wanted to expand and further their influence and control. Realpolitik was the notion that international and internal relations among the European states were based on power; the strongest state would prevail. Once realpolitik replaced raison d’etat, the days of principle were gone (Kissinger, 106). â€Å"No longer was there talk of unity of crowned heads or of harmony among the ancient states of Europe. Under†¦realpolitik, foreign politics became a contest of strength. † (Kissinger, 121). This philosophy maintained that the state’s interest was solely furthering and strengthening itself. The interests of other states were mostly irrelevant, unless it directly affected one’s own international or domestic position. These two philosophies shared numerous similarities. Both of them operated with the state as the moral standards. These policies maintained that doing what is best for the state surmounts religious and legitimist standpoints. Another similarity was that a policy of national self-interest guided both raison d’etat and realpolitik. Both of these policies prompted European leaders to disregard legitimists, especially when their beliefs would hinder freedom of action of the state (Kissinger, 123). Both principles concentrated their efforts on geographic and political gains, both national and international (Cassels, 70). Finally, both of these philosophies were met with the same disbelief; those who supported legitimacy considered both intolerable, because they undermined the importance of balance of power, and unification of Europe. These policies held the state above the church, and individual interests above Europe’s as a whole. Raison d’etat and realpolitik also had several dissimilarities. â€Å"Raison d’etat constitutes the end purpose of a foreign policy, [whereas] realpolitik implies no more than a methodology to achieve any sort of goal. † (Cassels, 70) Raison d’etat was more of a policy of defensive politics, where the balance of power, and a generally non-hostile atmosphere were most important. Conversely, realpolitik was offensive; always looking to expand and better the state, whether or not that meant domination of other states’ and their holdings. Realpolitik held little to no regard for fairness towards other states, or what would be in others’ best interests. This policy was one of brute strength; the most powerful and effective state would gain control. Bismarck, the previously regarded realpolitik originator, incited war between his own state of Prussia and Napoleon’s France. He did this by â€Å"editing† a Prussian telegram to France, making it look like a â€Å"royal snub†. The insulted French demanded war, and Prussia won a swift and unquestionable victory. This realpolitik oriented manipulation made it much simpler for Bismarck to unify Germany, his ultimate goal (Kissinger, 118). Realpolitik meant to destroy the world of raison d’etat, and replace it with a bigger, more aggressive system of international and internal relations. Raison d’etat put a lot of importance on domestic relations in Europe, while realpolitik did not. Once realpolitik surmounted raison d’etat, eventually â€Å"nationalism unleavened by democracy turned increasingly chauvinistic, while democracy without responsibility grew sterile. (Kissinger, 135). Politics in Europe came to be based on raw power due to realpolitik. Raison d’etat could be thought of as a softer, more inclusive policy, while realpolitik was more separatist, and even more self-interested. Raison d’etat operated more defensively, only preventing conflicts, whereas realpolitik would incite them if that meant getting ahead. Both held the state’s interests ab ove the church, and the rest of Europe. These philosophies believed the state should gain as much as possible, politically and geographically. They were also both met with resistance, but they held one cause to a high degree, which no statesman could deny, and that was patriotism. They both held that rather than being judged by God, the state needed to be judged by what worked (Kissinger, 126) which is still the system in place today. Works Cited Kissinger, Henry. Diplomacy. New York: Simon amp; Schuster, 1994. Print. Cassels, Alan. Ideology and International Relations in the Modern World. London: Routledge, 1996. Print.

Insider Essays (1022 words) - Brown Williamson, Films, The Insider

Insider The Insider A dramatization of 1995 events in which the tobacco industry allegedly covered up proof that nicotine is addictive and harmful. When Brown and Williamson executive Jeffrey Wigand (Crowe) tries to expose the industry's cover-up, he is threatened into silence. He eventually gets his story to 60 Minutes producer Lowell Bergman (AL Pacino), but CBS decides against airing it due to political and economic pressures, and the threat of lawsuit from Brown and Williamson. Before we start, I think it's important that you know a little thing about me, and where I'm coming from. I do smoke. But I believe that most of the lawsuits filed against the tobacco industry are unfounded, desperate attempts for people to put the blame on anyone but themselves. I think social security is a safety net for the financially irresponsible. I thought The Insider was a great movie from a strictly entertainment perspective (don't get ahead of me on this one!), and I enjoyed it very much. Russell Crowe is Jeffrey Wigand, a Brown and Williamson VP of Research and Development whose conscience compels him to blow the whistle on the industry. He claims that Big Tobacco has been covering up scientific research that proves nicotine is addictive and harmful. The writing puts a lot of energy into making sure that Wigand is a sufficiently complicated character, and one that we sympathize with. To be sure, he's not entirely one-dimensional. Initially, he does what most of us would do in his position: he takes the money and benefits that the company offers him in return for silence. After all, the guy has a family to look out for. But then Wigand is tortured over his passiveness, wondering if he should take a more aggressive stance with his potentially damaging knowledge. 60 Minutes producer Lowell Bergman, sensing a big story in the works, tries to coax Wigand into talking. An energetic Al Pacino, who fights to get the story on the air, only to have it snuffed by CBS, plays Bergman here. Allegedly, the television network was possibly up for sale around the time of this story, and airing it might have damaged their image with controversy, making it less appealing to potential suitors. This, coupled with the threat of lawsuit from Brown and Williamson, made CBS refuse to air the story. The Insider portrays these events as a crusade on the part of Bergman and Wigand to get the truth out there, against the will of Big Business and Bigger Tobacco. And while Bergman is never portrayed as much more than a journalist with an uncharacteristic amount of integrity, Wigand is a great character to follow as he tries to balance out everything around him. Tortured and sleepless, his reactions are what you would expect from someone forced to choose between the safety of his family with the gravity of what he knows. Most of it makes for edge of your suit viewing. Suspense abounds, and AL Pacino's confrontations with the evil corporate executives, censors, and whatnot are the centerpiece of the movie. He gets to climb up on the soapbox and belt out a few speeches about truth and justice and freedom and right and wrong and all that other fun stuff. It's tense, and it's really quite fascinating, actually. From a dramatic standpoint, this movie couldn't have asked for better performances. Gina Gershon makes an appearance in the movie as a tough, icy corporate attorney for CBS. As a standard caricature of faceless law more interested in money than people, she's fabulous. The Insider runs at over two and half hours, but always remains interesting and never drags. The biggest issue I have with this movie is how it so comfortably passes itself off as an unbiased, historical representation of what happened between real life executive Jeffrey Wigand, real life producer Lowell Bergman, and real life corporation Brown and Williamson. The problem is that the movie is so well crafted and so interesting that it's very easy to accept it as 100% Grade A Truth. However, this is clearly Wigand's story, and closer inspection would reveal that the main characters here are just a little too perfect to be real. Did Bergman really storm into the offices of CBS and rant

Smith Consulting Software Essay Example

Smith Consulting Software Essay Example Smith Consulting Software Essay Smith Consulting Software Essay System Analysis of Smith Consulting System Documentation BSA/385 Contents Abstract3 System Analysis of Smith Consulting System Documentation4 Introduction4 Customer Engagement Approach4 Software Development Processes and Procedures4 Quality Assurance Processes and Procedures6 Testing Procedures7 Developer Testing8 Reliability9 Accuracy9 Developer Performance Testing10 Developer Fault Testing10 User Acceptance Reliability11 User Acceptance Accuracy11 User Acceptance Fault Tolerance11 Test System Infrastructure15 Hardware/Software Capabilities15 Formal Program Specifications Format15 Conclusion16 Attachments18 Abstract The LTA (Learning Team A) group has been asked to define, develop, and propose standards for a software testing environment at Smith Consulting. The LTA group will review several aspects of the system documentation currently being used by Smith Consulting and provide proposed solutions for each of the areas defined in this document. System Analysis of Smith Consulting System Documentation Introduction Smith Consulting (Smith) has tasked LTA (Learning Team A) with developing standardized project approach and testing procedures so that prospective clients are confident that Smith is performing their contractual obligations efficiently. These procedures will be generalized so that they can be applied to any project that Smith takes on and have sufficient documentation so that the procedures are correctly applied to each project. This ensures that Smith has repeatable processes in place and can put more resources towards completing the project rather than developing the procedures to complete the project. Customer Engagement Approach Smith is dedicated to the long-term success of the project. Smith does not approach the projects as a system to be designed and left with the client to manage. Smith offers flexible management terms from support to full-time maintenance of any application Smith designs, ensuring that our dedication to service extends through the life of the product. Smith also strives to help every end-user, helping them to fully understand and embrace the new technology. Smith understands the challenges end-users face when moving to new technology, and we want every employee to be comfortable using the system. Software Development Processes and Procedures Smith realizes that there may not be one clear-cut solution for all software development projects and seeks to use a process that takes into account as many variables as possible when developing new software. This means that Smith will first need to determine the needs for the company. The first step in this process is to identify the stakeholders and develop a project timeline and budget. These factors will help drive the project toward the estimated completion date. The stakeholders will include members of Smith so that the project is kept manageable and realistic as far as time of completion and resources needed. The next step is creating an analysis team to work with the various stakeholders to understand what the company needs the new system to do. As the analysis is completed a more formalized design will be presented to the same stakeholders in the form of a data flow diagram to ensure that all the needs are being met. At this time the stakeholders will have the ability to present changes as part of the change ontrol process described as part of the Smith quality assurance processes. Smith will also implement additional design methods as required by the specific needs of a project. These methods include the use of new models, tools, and techniques in order to fully understand the system requirements. It may be necessary to bring in third-party vendors to provide and use the tools that these methods require. These vendors will be subject to a procurement process as indicated in the contract for the project and are subject to a determination of need by the stakeholders. The next step is for a finalized data flow diagram to be presented to a design team who will then analyze and determine the best approach for implementing the design. This will include determination of a tool, and the solicitation of vendors to provide the tool as needed. The stakeholders will again be consulted before any final determinations are made. Once a tool or vendor is determined the design team will work on implementing the design. The design will be implemented as part of the project plan timeline and Smith will provide developer testing in addition to end-user acceptance testing. This ensures that the final product matches the goals of the system as laid out in the project plan. Once acceptance testing is completed the system will be implemented and the system will enter its training phase as indicated in the project plan. After full implementation, the system will enter the maintenance phase. Depending on the term of the contract, Smith will be involved in the maintenance phase of the system through its live cycle. All contracts include phone support for as-designed elements of the system. Quality Assurance Processes and Procedures Smith is dedicated to providing quality of the highest level in all its services to its clients. This quality is ensured through the use of tools put in place at the beginning of the project. The most important tool in use is the project manager. All of Smith’s project managers are qualified, experienced managers who take a hands-on approach to ensuring that a project stays on the timeline and within the budget. This includes weekly updates to shareholders as well as daily stand up meetings to ensure that everyone is on track and there are no concerns to delay the project. Any concerns are immediately made known and the manager will do his or her best to provide more resources to address the problem with minimal effects to the project plan. To ensure that the project is kept within scope, a strict change control process will be used to determine what parts of the project will be able to be changed and when. This can be different for every project; Smith approaches each project plan in a similar fashion, including setting priority, and secondary goals. The stakeholders have the ability to define these goals during the analysis phase as well as a say in the change control process. Primary goals are strictly followed and changes are made to these goals only when the outcome of the project is in jeopardy. Secondary goals are more flexible and their change control process is not as severe; however the process is strictly adhered to. This adherence to the change control process ensures that the project is a success and not dependent on the success or failure of individual parts. Testing Procedures For each level of testing that takes place, Smith will develop charts detailing the testing step to be performed, an example of the chart is shown in example 1. This chart includes sections to identify what is being tested (Actor), what is being done (Action) and a description of the testing task. In addition, a secondary chart will be provided that details each step to be performed to complete the test case in question. Actor| Action| Description| Customer/Employee/Etc. | Click Button 1| Button 1 starts the applications and takes the user to the login, etc. | Customer/Employee/Etc. | Click Button 2| Button 2 logs the current user into the system| Continue†¦| | | Step| Step Expected Result| 1. Launch Application/Etc. Application window should open and prompt user for credentials, etc. | 2. Login/Etc. | User should be logged into application and appropriate menu items should be shown based on user’s security level, etc. | Continue†¦| | Figure 1 – Sample Software Capability Testing Diagrams An additional process flow that will be followed by Smith engineers is to chart the process flow for all testing for easy review by clients and engineering staff. The format of the process flow is shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 – Sample Testing Data Flow Diagram Developer Testing Smith requires its developers to perform testing on each piece of a project that they are responsible for working on. Each of these tests ensures that the software is ready for the next step in the process, whether that is integration with other pieces or implementation. The developers are required to ensure that the testing covers reliability, accuracy, fault tolerance and performance as required by the architecture design documentation for the project. Reliability Reliability testing is important to ensure that the system is capable of handling input and output in all situations it is likely to encounter during use. This includes programming for proper error handling should a user input unexpected data, as well as for handling exceptions on the data output. Developers use the architecture document to control the input and output and use exception handling to notify the user that something has gone wrong without passing the bad data along to the next process. In order to test reliability developers will purposefully input bad data and the system is required to handle it correctly. The developers are required to check not only that the errors are thrown properly, but that they are informative and the bad data are not output. Accuracy Accuracy testing is important because the input must be received, stored, transformed and output correctly. Any failure in any of these steps will affect the accuracy of the system. Developers must develop algorithms to transform the data properly so that the output is as expected. Since system algorithms can be achieved in multiple ways that achieve the same results, it is important that the accuracy is tested as often as possible. Developers are required to develop and input use cases to ensure the data are being output as required. If the output is not what is expected the developers can roubleshoot and track down the problem and run the use cases again. The system architecture document will detail the results needs, but developers often must use creativity to develop a solution to match the requirements. Accuracy testing at the developer stage is a key step for accuracy in the implemented system. Developer Performance Testing Performance testing must be performed during the development phase to ensure that the system does not have any resource or application issues prior to deliver to the customer and conforms to the stated needs of the customer. At Smith performance testing is performed during unit testing and during integration testing. With unit performance testing the developer is able to identify issues easier than during integration testing. During the integration testing phase any module interaction that was not able to be identified during unit testing will be tested. Performance testing includes the development of test cases that test each module within the client application, if resources are required such as network connectivity or file I/O then these systems will also be tested. The expected results of performance testing will be defined during the system analysis phase and will be approved by the client as acceptable criteria. Developer Fault Testing Developer fault testing is a technique used by Smith to inject errors into the software/hardware project to test the capability of the system to handle the errors in expected ways. This method of testing aids developers in the identification of the inability of the application to respond to system conditions that are expected during the normal use of the product. By using fault testing the developers can include processes that respond to these error conditions in a meaningful way. User Acceptance Reliability Like developer reliability testing, user acceptance testing for reliability is important to ensure that the system will reliably handle inputs and outputs. In UAT, test cases will be provided to selected users from the customer’s side. These test cases will allow users to test inputting information into the system so the software can demonstrate that it is capable of handling various types of input by executing on it properly. The UAT will allow the customer to provide feedback to Smith on the test cases and anything that did not perform as expected so that Smith can make any modifications to the system. In the event that Smith has to make any changes, UAT will begin again after the system has been adjusted. User Acceptance Accuracy User acceptance testing for accuracy will provide users with tests to ensure that the system is capable of handling inputs, loading, processing, storage, and outputs accurately. These tests should be consistent with the original testing that took place in the development of the algorithms to ensure that the expected results are produced by the system to the degree of accuracy that is required by the application. All calculations that the system needs to be able to perform should be tested in the UAT to demonstrate to the customer that the system is capable of handling the calculations correctly. This is the chance for the customer to fully test the system and provide any feedback to Smith. The user tests will be developed to demonstrate the full capabilities of the system. User Acceptance Fault Tolerance Once the software has been designed and implemented, the end-user’s who will utilize the software will be able to test the software’s performance (User Acceptance Testing, 2010). Allowing the end-user’s to test the software will allow IT personnel to make any changes and fix bugs that may cause future errors. All though much software may not be productive due to errors, Smith depends on test results and test reports to ensure errors are fixed and errors in the system are debugged. Below are a few tools that are used for user acceptance testing and fault tolerance: * Test Results and Error Reports User Acceptance Sign-off (Figure 3) * Production Systems * Final Installation Procedures and Instructions * Final Documentation and Training Materials * Project Plan * Methodology Compliance Form (User Acceptance Testing, 2010) (Figure 4). Smith will use these tools to ensure the User-Interface is accurate and ready for deployment. Figures 3 and 4 are sample templates fo r some of the tools used. Figure 3 – User Acceptance Sign-Off Sheet Figure 4 Methodology Compliance Form Test System Infrastructure Hardware/Software Capabilities Smith uses QuickTest Professional 10. (QuickTest) software to perform testing on all of its software projects. The software is an automated testing environment that uses testing scripts to regression test all parts of a new software product. These testing scripts are created by a developer and ensure that as new items are added, the previously tested items maintain their same functionality. Since the testing scripts are setup in a GUI environment that uses capture technology to generate them directly from the software environment that is being tested, the time required to create them is minimal and the expected results are easy to predict (HP, 2007). This ease of use helps control the testing timeline so that the projects stay on track. In addition, QuickTest provides customizable reports about errors that can include screenshots and other information to make it easier for developer to recreate the errors so they can be resolved (HP, 2007). Smith maintains separate testing hardware to handle its testing needs. This environment utilizes quad-core Intel processors running Windows Vista and equipped with maximum memory capabilities so that the testing can run as quickly as possible. The separate environment ensures that the testing can run simultaneous to the development whenever possible so that the timeline set up for any project can be strictly adhered to. Formal Program Specifications Format The format of the specifications that will be used by the software engineers at Smith will is detailed in the attachment named: System Requirements Specification. This specification includes a complete description of the requirements of the system to be built. Detailed instructions are included to aid developers in the definition of the requirements and what will be one to satisfy that requirement. Conclusion Smith Consulting takes pride in providing professional development of systems for our clients. Having the processes and requirements in place as outlined in this document such as our quality assurance processes and our developer and user acceptance testing ensures that the systems that Smith Consulting builds remain in scope with the project plan and within budget. Our processes also help to ensure that the client and key stakeholders are engaged throughout the development lifecycle. References Everett, G. D. amp; McLeod, Jr. , R. (2007). Software Testing. Retrieved February 27, 2010, from University of Phoenix eCampus, Entire eBook. BSA385 – Introduction to Software Engineering. Frenzel, C. W. , amp; Frenel, J. C. (2004). Management of Information Technology, 4E. Retrieved February 14, 2010, from University of Phoenix eCampus, Entire eBook. BSA385 – Introduction to Software Engineering. Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L. P. (2007). HP QuickTest Professional software Data sheet. Retrieved March 5, 2010, from https://h10078. www1. p. com/cda/hpdc/navigation. do? action=downloadPDFamp;caid=3885amp;cp=54_4000_100amp;zn=btoamp;filename=4AA1-2116ENW. pdf Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L. P. (2010). HP QuickTest Professional software System Requirements. Retrieved March 5, 2010 from https://h10078. www1. hp. com/cda/hpms/display/main/hpms_content. jsp? zn=btoamp;cp=1-11-127-24^9674_4000_100__ Attachments Purpose: The System Requirements Specification (SRS ) is a complete description of the requirements of the system to be built. It is derived from Customer Requirements. It covers all the business functions, inputs, outputs, and system interfaces of the proposed project, and answers these questions: * What is the system or software supposed to do (from the customer’s point of view)? * What users, system hardware, other hardware, and other software does the system interact with? * What are the performance requirements, such as speed, recovery, and capacity? * What are any constraints on design? Scope: The System Requirements Specification must be completed for any systems development project. Instructions: Identify instructions for using the template. 1. Prior to releasing remove this template cover page. This is part of the template not part of the finished document. 2. Angle brackets (lt; gt;) indicate information to be input for specific project. Remove angle brackets (lt; gt;) when information is entered. 3. Template sections which do not apply to the system can be labeled as â€Å"Do not Apply† or removed from the document as long as the base requirement of information listed above has been recorded. 4. Template instructions are italicized and should be removed from the document. 5. Open the header/footer and update the appropriate information to the header. No information needs to be updated in the footer – this will occur automatically each time the file is closed. * lt;Project Namegt; System Requirements Specification Rev lt;1. 0, 1. x, 2. 0,gt; Revision # of document. Use 0. 1 thru 0. 9 for pre-approval drafts. Use 1. 0 thru 9. 9 for approved copies. lt;Dategt; Date of revision Prepared by: lt;Authorgt; * Approvers lt;Include a place for, and acquire approval by all critical project stakeholders, as required by the Software Development Guidelines. More approvals may be included as deemed appropriate. gt; The following â€Å"Approvers† are responsible for reviewing this System Requirements Specification and agree with the project’s requirements. The approvers understand and will support the responsibilities described herein for their organization. Note: Approver signatures are captured electronically in the Electronic Qualification Document Management System (EQDMS). lt;Namegt;| | Project Lead| | lt;Namegt;| | | | lt;Namegt;| | lt;other reviewergt;| | lt;Namegt;| | lt;Key Stakeholder #1gt;lt;lt;Titlegt;gt;| | lt;Namegt;| | lt;Key Stakeholder #2gt;lt;lt;Titlegt;gt;| | | | | Document History Date Revised| Version No. | Author| Reason for changes| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Introduction7 Purpose7 Scope7 Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations7 References7 Overview7 Overall Description7 System Perspective7 System Requirements7 System Interfaces8 User Interfaces8 Hardware Interfaces8 Software Interfaces8 Communications Interfaces8 Memory Constraints8 Operations8 Site Adaptation Requirements8 System Functions9 User Characteristics9 Constraints9 Assumptions and Dependencies9 Apportioning of Requirements9 Functional Requirements9 Performance Requirements9 Logical Database Requirements10 Design Constraints10 Standard Compliance10 Software System Attributes10 Supporting Information10 Introduction Purpose The SRS identifies all of the system requirements. The system requirements are derived from customer requirements as well as perceived customer needs and specific local and regulatory requirements. The SRS identifies all the system requirements sufficient for the developers to develop a system which meets customer expectations. In addition, the SRS provides sufficient detail for complete system validation. The audience is the entire project team and customer/sponsor representatives. Scope lt;Identify the software product(s) to be produced by name, explain what the software product will and will not do, include relevant benefits, objectives, and goals of the softwaregt; Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations lt;Define all terms, acronyms, and abbreviationsgt; References lt;Provide a complete list of all documents referenced elsewhere in this document, identify each document by title, date, and publishing organization, specify the sources from which the reference to an appendix or another documentgt; Overview lt;Describe what the SRS contains and explain how the SRS is organizedgt; Overall Description System Perspective lt;Describe whether the system is totally self-contained or has interactions with other systems within or outside of its environment, a block diagram can be added here to show interconnections with other systems and requirements related to overall systemsgt; System Requ irements lt;The purpose of this section is to describe all of the software requirements to a level of detail sufficient to enable designers to design a system to satisfy those requirements and QA testers to test that the system satisfies those requirements. As a minimum, every requirement should include a description of every input/stimulus into the system and every output/response from the system, and all functions performed by the system in response to an input or in support of an output. gt; lt;The following sub-sections 3. 1 – 3. 15 identify different requirements categories. It is unlikely that every project will have requirements in each category. It is not necessary to identify requirements in each category, they are provided only as guidance to insure that each type of requirement is considered. All requirements should be listed in section 3 and each requirement should be uniquely numbered. gt; System Interfaces lt;List each system interface and identify the functionality of the software to accomplish the system requirement and the interface description to match the systemgt; * User Interfaces lt;Specify the logical interface between the software product and its users, including configuration characteristics such as required screen formats, page or window layouts, content of reports or menus, or availability of programmable function keys necessary to accomplish the software requirements. Specify the aspects of optimizing the interface with the person(s) who must use the system, an example would be constructing a list of do’s and don’ts on how the system will appear to the usergt;. * Hardware Interfaces lt;Specify the logical characteristics of each interface between the software product and the hardware components of the system. This includes configuration characteristics, supported devices/how they will be supported (full-screen vs. line-by-line support for a terminal for example), and protocolsgt;. * Software Interfaces lt;Describe the use of other required software products and interfaces with other application systems. Describe the purpose of the interfacing software, and the definition of interface in terms of message content and format. Reference the documents(s) defining the interface(s). Include name, mnemonic, specification number, version number, and source for each required software productgt;. * Communications Interfaces lt;Specify the vario us interfaces to communications such as local network protocols, etc. gt; Memory Constraints lt;Specify any applicable characteristics and limits on primary and secondary memory. gt; Operations lt;List the following if not already listed in the User Interface section above: the various modes of operations in the user organization (user initiated operation), periods of interactive operations and periods of unattended operations, data processing support functions, and backup and recovery operations. gt; Site Adaptation Requirements lt;Define the requirements for any data or initialization sequences that are specific to a given site, mission, or operational mode (grid values, safety limits, etc. , and the site or mission-related features that should be modified to adapt the software to a particular installation. System Functions lt;Provide a summary of the major functions that the software will perform. The functions should be organized in a way that makes the list of functions understandable to the customer or to anyone else reading the document for the first time. Graphics can be used to show the different functions and their relationships, and the logical relationships among variables. gt; User Characteristics lt;Describe the most general characteristics of the intended users of the product including educational level, experience, and technical expertise. gt; Constraints lt;Describe any items that will limit the developer’s options such as regulatory policies, hardware limitations, interfaces to other applications, parallel operation, audit functions, control functions, higher is the availability of an operating system on a specific hardware environment that is designated for the software product. gt; Apportioning of Requirements lt;Identify requirements that may be delayed until f uture versions of the system. gt; Functional Requirements lt;Describe the fundamental actions that must take place in the software in accepting and processing the inputs and in processing and generating the outputs. Examples are validity checks on the inputs, exact sequence of operations, responses to abnormal situations, effect of parameters, and relationship of outputs to inputs, including input/output sequences and formulas for input to output conversion. Partition the functional requirements into sub functions as necessary. gt; Performance Requirements lt;List requirements in measurable terms related to the following: * -Static numerical requirements: such as the number of terminals to be supported, the number of simultaneous users to be supported, and amount and type of information to be handled, and * -Dynamic numerical requirements: such as the number of transactions and tasks and the amount of data to be processed within certain time periods for both normal and peak workload conditions. gt; Logical Database Requirements lt;Specify the logical requirements for any information that is to be placed into a database such as types of information used by various functions, frequency of use, accessing capabilities, data entities and their relationships, integrity constraints, and data retention requirements. gt; Design Constraints lt;Specify design constraints that can be imposed by other standards, hardware limitations, etc. gt; Standar d Compliance lt;Specify requirements derived from existing standards or regulationsgt; Software System Attributes lt;Describe other software attributes that can serve as requirements such as factors required to establish reliability, availability, security,